Risultati per: Vaccinare l’adulto ai tempi del COVID-19

Objective
To evaluate background incidence rates of 59 health outcomes of interest (HOI) in a diverse population, including important subpopulations, during the pre-COVID-19 era (1 January 2017–31 December 2019) and the COVID-19 era (1 March 2020–31 December 2020), before the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines.

Design
Observational retrospective cohort study. Annual incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of HOIs were estimated for each population of interest, stratified by: age, sex, age and sex and seasonality.

Data source
Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart Database (CDM).

Participants
Individuals from the US general population and four subgroups of interest: influenza-vaccinated, paediatric (

Objectives
In the midst of the pandemic, face-to-face data collection for national censuses and surveys was suspended due to limitations on mobility and social distancing, limiting the collection of already scarce disability data. Responses to these constraints were met with a surge of high-frequency phone surveys (HFPSs) that aimed to provide timely data for understanding the socioeconomic impacts of and responses to the pandemic. This paper provides an assessment of HFPS datasets and their inclusion of disability questions to evaluate the visibility of persons with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design
We collected HFPS questionnaires conducted globally from the onset of the pandemic emergency in March 2020 until December 2022 from various online survey repositories. Each HFPS questionnaire was searched using a set of keywords for inclusion of different types of disability questions. Results were recorded in an Excel review log, which was manually reviewed by two researchers.

Methods
The review of HFPS datasets involved two stages: (1) a main review of 294 HFPS dataset-waves and (2) a semiautomated review of the same dataset-waves using a search engine-powered questionnaire review tool developed by our team. The results from the main review were compared with those of a sensitivity analysis using and testing the tool as an alternative to manual search.

Results
Roughly half of HFPS datasets reviewed and 60% of the countries included in this study had some type of question on disability. While disability questions were not widely absent from HFPS datasets, only 3% of HFPS datasets included functional difficulty questions that meet international standards. The search engine-powered questionnaire review tool proved to be able to streamline the search process for future research on inclusive data.

Conclusions
The dearth of functional difficulty questions and the Washington-Group Short Set in particular in HFPS has contributed to the relative invisibility of persons with disabilities during the pandemic emergency, the lingering effects of which could impede policy-making, monitoring and advocacy on behalf of persons with disabilities.

Uno studio internazionale apre una possibile via per il trattamento

Objective
We investigated whether a zip code’s location or demographics are most predictive of changes in daily mobility throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design
We used a population-level study to examine the predictability of daily mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic using a two-stage regression approach, where generalised additive models (GAM) predicted mobility trends over time at a large spatial level, then the residuals were used to determine which factors (location, zip code-level features or number of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in place) best predict the difference between a zip code’s measured mobility and the average trend on a given date.

Setting
We analyse zip code-level mobile phone records from 26 metropolitan areas in the USA on 15 March–31 September 2020, relative to October 2020.

Results
While relative mobility had a general trend, a zip code’s city-level location significantly helped to predict its daily mobility patterns. This effect was time-dependent, with a city’s deviation from general mobility trends differing in both direction and magnitude throughout the course of 2020. The characteristics of a zip code further increased predictive power, with the densest zip codes closest to a city centre tended to have the largest decrease in mobility. However, the effect on mobility change varied by city and became less important over the course of the pandemic.

Conclusions
The location and characteristics of a zip code are important for determining changes in daily mobility patterns throughout the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. These results can determine the efficacy of NPI implementation on multiple spatial scales and inform policy makers on whether certain NPIs should be implemented or lifted during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and when preparing for future public health emergencies.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

A recent review of 38 studies found considerable differences among 6 major definitions of post–COVID-19 condition, also known as long COVID, underscoring the “innovative yet fragmented nature of long COVID care models and the critical need for a standardized definition to effectively identify affected patients and evaluate treatment models,” the authors of a linked editorial wrote in Annals of Internal Medicine.

Objective
In order to predict at hospital admission the prognosis of patients with serious and life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia, we sought to understand the clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients at admission as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic progressed, document their changing response to the virus and its variants over time, and identify factors most importantly associated with mortality after hospital admission.

Design
Observational study using a prospective hospital systemwide COVID-19 database.

Setting
15-hospital US health system.

Participants
26 872 patients admitted with COVID-19 to our Northeast Ohio and Florida hospitals from 1 March 2020 to 1 June 2022.

Main outcome measures
60-day mortality (highest risk period) after hospital admission analysed by random survival forests machine learning using demographics, medical history, and COVID-19 vaccination status, and viral variant, symptoms, and routine laboratory test results obtained at hospital admission.

Results
Hospital mortality fell from 11% in March 2020 to 3.7% in March 2022, a 66% decrease (p

Objectives
This study explores the association between vaccine hesitancy, vaccine knowledge and psychological well-being with (1) receipt of/willingness to receive an initial vaccine against COVID-19, and (2) willingness to get vaccinated yearly against COVID-19. The importance of different vaccine attributes (eg, vaccine technology, effectiveness, side effects) to choose a specific COVID-19 vaccine was also assessed.

Design
Cross-sectional survey administered during May to June 2021 on vaccine hesitancy, vaccine knowledge, psychological well-being, willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccines, sociodemographics and COVID-19-related factors.

Setting
UK.

Participants
A self-selected sample of 1408 adults.

Outcome measures
Receipt of/willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine for the first time and yearly.

Results
Receipt of/willingness to receive a vaccine against COVID-19 initially and yearly were high (97.0% and 86.6%, respectively). Vaccine hesitancy was negatively associated with receipt of/willingness to receive vaccine initially/yearly (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.09, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.26, p

Objectives
To explore the effects of occupational stress and resilience on insomnia among Chinese nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design, settings and participants
A quantitative description study. The data were collected via a cross-sectional survey. A total of 725 front-line nurses at three tertiary hospitals in western China were included from December 2022 to January 2023. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Job Content Questionnaire, and Athens Insomnia Scale were used to collect data from a self-reported online questionnaire.

Outcome measures
The outcome variable was insomnia, and structural equation modelling was used to assess the associations among resilience, occupational stress and insomnia.

Results
The prevalence of insomnia among the participants was 58.76%. The structural equation model showed that resilience had a negative direct effect on insomnia and occupational stress, and occupational stress had a positive direct effect on insomnia. Involvement in COVID-19-related work has a positive effect on insomnia through occupational stress. In contrast, higher education levels improved insomnia through increased resilience.

Conclusion
A significantly higher prevalence of insomnia has been observed among Chinese nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study suggests that better resilience may improve insomnia by relieving occupational stress, and implementing measures to promote resilience is essential to reduce occupational stress in nurses and improve their sleep quality.

Objectives
No consensus exists about the best COVID-19 vaccination strategy to be adopted by low-income and middle-income countries. Brazil adopted an age-based calendar strategy to reduce mortality and the burden on the healthcare system. This study evaluates the impact of the vaccination campaign in Brazil on the progression of the reported COVID-19 deaths.

Methods
This ecological study analyses the dynamic of vaccination coverage and COVID-19 deaths in hospitalised adults (≥20 years) during the first year of the COVID-19 vaccination roll-out (January to December 2021) using nationwide data (DATASUS). We stratified the adult population into 20–49, 50–59, 60–69 and 70+ years. The dynamic effect of the vaccination campaign on mortality rates was estimated by applying a negative binomial regression. The prevented and possible preventable deaths (observed deaths higher than expected) and potential years of life lost (PYLL) for each age group were obtained in a counterfactual analysis.

Results
During the first year of COVID-19 vaccination, 266 153 517 doses were administered, achieving 91% first-dose coverage. A total of 380 594 deaths were reported, 154 091 (40%) in 70+ years and 136 804 (36%) from 50-59 or 20-49 years. The mortality rates of 70+ decreased by 52% (rate ratio [95% CI]: 0.48 [0.43-0.53]) in 6 months, whereas rates for 20–49 were still increasing due to low coverage (52%). The vaccination roll-out strategy prevented 59 618 deaths, 53 088 (89%) from those aged 70+ years. However, the strategy did not prevent 54 797 deaths, 85% from those under 60 years, being 26 344 (45%) only in 20–49, corresponding to 1 589 271 PYLL, being 1 080 104 PYLL (68%) from those aged 20–49 years.

Conclusion
The adopted aged-based calendar vaccination strategy initially reduced mortality in the oldest but did not prevent the deaths of the youngest as effectively as compared with the older age group. Countries with a high burden, limited vaccine supply and young populations should consider other factors beyond the age to prioritise who should be vaccinated first.

Objective
To assess the effects of telerehabilitation on clinical symptoms, physical function, psychological function and quality of life (QoL) in patients with post-COVID-19.

Design
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Data sources
PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library were searched for publications from 1 January 2020 to 17 April 2024.

Eligibility criteria
RCTs investigating the effects of telerehabilitation in patients with post-COVID-19 were included. The outcomes of interest encompassed clinical symptoms, physical function, psychological function and QoL. Only studies reported in English were included.

Data extraction and synthesis
Two reviewers independently extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias. Statistical analysis was conducted using Review Manager V.5.3, employing mean difference (MD) with a 95% CI, and the corresponding P value was used to ascertain the treatment effect between groups. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I2 statistic. The quality of evidence was assessed by GRADE.

Results
16 RCTs (n=1129) were included in this systematic review, 15 of which (n=1095, 16 comparisons) were included in the meta-analysis. The primary pooled analysis demonstrated that, compared with no rehabilitation or usual care, telerehabilitation can improve physical function (measured by 30 s sit-to-stand test [6 RCTs, n=310, MD=1.58 stands, 95% CI 0.50 to 2.66; p=0.004]; 6 min walking distance [6 RCTs, n=324, MD=76.90 m, 95% CI 49.47 to 104.33; p

Objectives
Long-term sickness absence from employment has negative consequences for the economy and can lead to widened health inequalities. Sick notes (also called ‘fit notes’) are issued by general practitioners when a person cannot work for health reasons for more than 7 days. We quantified the sick note rate in people with evidence of COVID-19 in 2020, 2021 and 2022, as an indication of the burden for people recovering from COVID-19.

Design
Cohort study.

Setting
With National Health Service (NHS) England approval, we used routine clinical data (primary care, hospital and COVID-19 testing records) within the OpenSAFELY-TPP database.

Participants
People 18–64 years with a recorded positive test or diagnosis of COVID-19 in 2020 (n=365 421), 2021 (n=1 206 555) or 2022 (n=1 321 313); general population matched in age, sex and region in 2019 (n=3 140 326), 2020 (n=3 439 534), 2021 (n=4 571 469) and 2022 (n=4 818 870); people hospitalised with pneumonia in 2019 (n=29 673).

Primary outcome measure
Receipt of a sick note in primary care.

Results
Among people with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or COVID-19 diagnosis, the sick note rate was 4.88 per 100 person-months (95% CI 4.83 to 4.93) in 2020, 2.66 (95% CI 2.64 to 2.67) in 2021 and 1.73 (95% CI 1.72 to 1.73) in 2022. Compared with the age, sex and region-matched general population, the adjusted HR for receipt of a sick note over the entire follow-up period (up to 10 months) was 4.07 (95% CI 4.02 to 4.12) in 2020 decreasing to 1.57 (95% CI 1.56 to 1.58) in 2022. The HR was highest in the first 30 days postdiagnosis in all years. Among people hospitalised with COVID-19, after adjustment, the sick note rate was lower than in people hospitalised with pneumonia.

Conclusions
Given the under-recording of postacute COVID-19-related symptoms, these findings contribute a valuable perspective on the long-term effects of COVID-19. Despite likely underestimation of the sick note rate, sick notes were issued more frequently to people with COVID-19 compared with those without, even in an era when most people are vaccinated. Most sick notes occurred in the first 30 days postdiagnosis, but the increased risk several months postdiagnosis may provide further evidence of the long-term impact.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

Objectives
This study compared the infant vaccination trends a year before and a year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in selected urban and rural communities in Ibadan, Nigeria.

Design
This was a cross-sectional study in which data were extracted from infant vaccination records.

Setting
Two rural and three urban vaccination centres in primary health clinics at Ibadan Southeast and Olúyòlé local government areas, respectively.

Participants
Infant vaccination records 1 year before and 1 year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2019–February 2020 and March 2020–February 2021, respectively).

Outcome measures
Timeliness of vaccination (vaccination taken within 2 weeks of appointment) and vaccination completion according to the Nigerian routine infant vaccination schedule.

Results
2000 vaccination records were included in the study (1013 (50.6%) for male infants). 840 (42.0%) of the records were from the rural immunisation clinics. There were 1194 (59.7%) and 806 (40.3%) records from before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. Before the pandemic, birth dose vaccines were timelier among infants from urban communities, while vaccines given at 6 weeks were timelier in the rural areas. Following the onset of the pandemic, the rural communities had a higher proportion of infants with timelier and complete vaccination except for the birth dose vaccines. Overall, there was higher vaccination completion before the pandemic, and this was higher in the rural compared with the urban communities both before (54.8% vs 11.7%) and after (23.6% vs 1.0%) the onset of the pandemic.

Conclusions
A decline in infant vaccination uptake, timeliness and completion persisted 1 year after the COVID-19 pandemic onset, and urban communities were more affected. More efforts are required to ensure optimal infant vaccination, especially in urban communities, to forestall outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases.