Risultati per: Come si esegue la raccolta delle urine delle 24 ore

New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 391, Issue 6, Page 550-557, August 8, 2024.

Objectives
Inappropriate prescribing of antibiotics is a key driver of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to describe urine sampling rates and antibiotic prescribing for patients with lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) in English general practice.

Design
A retrospective population-based study using administrative data.

Setting
IQVIA Medical Research Database (IMRD) data from general practices in England, 2015–2022.

Participants
Patients who have consulted with an uncomplicated UTI in England general practices captured in the IMRD.

Outcome measures
Trends in UTI episodes (episodes were defined as UTI diagnosis codes occurring within 14 days of each other), testing and antibiotic prescribing on the same day as initial UTI consultation were assessed from January 2015 to December 2022. Associations, using univariate and multivariate logistic regressions, were examined between consultation and demographic factors on the odds of a urine test.

Results
There were 743 350 UTI episodes; 50.8% had a urine test. Testing rates fluctuated with an upward trend and large decline in 2020. Same-day UTI antibiotic prescribing occurred in 78.2% of episodes. In multivariate modelling, factors found to decrease odds of a urine test included age ≥85 years (0.83, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.84), consultation type (remote vs face to face, 0.45, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.46), episodes in London compared with the South (0.74, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.75) and increasing practice size (0.77, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.78). Odds of urine tests increased in males (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.13), for those episodes without a same-day UTI antibiotic (1.10, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.16) for episodes for those with higher deprivation status (Indices of Multiple Deprivation 8 vs 1, 1.51, 95% CI 1.48 to 1.54). Compared with 2015, 2016–2019 saw increased odds of testing while 2020 and 2021 saw decreases, with 2022 showing increased odds.

Conclusion
Urine testing for UTI in general practice in England showed an upward trend, with same-day antibiotic prescribing remaining consistent, suggesting greater alignment to national guidelines. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted testing rates, though as of 2022, they began to recover.

Stroke, Volume 55, Issue 8, Page 1982-1990, August 1, 2024. BACKGROUND:Clinicians need simple and highly predictive prognostic scores to assist practical decision-making. We aimed to develop a simple outcome prediction score applied 24 hours after anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke treatment with endovascular thrombectomy and validate it in patients treated both with and without endovascular thrombectomy.METHODS:Using the HERMES (Highly Effective Reperfusion Evaluated in Multiple Endovascular Stroke Trials) collaboration data set (n=1764), patients in the endovascular thrombectomy arm were divided randomly into a derivation cohort (n=430) and a validation cohort (n=441). From a set of candidate predictors, logistic regression modeling using forward variable selection was used to select a model that was both parsimonious and highly predictive for modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2 at 90 days. The score was validated in validation cohort, control arm (n=893), and external validation cohorts from the ESCAPE-NA1 (Efficacy and Safety of Nerinetide for the Treatment of Acute Ischaemic Stroke; n=1066) and INTERRSeCT (Identifying New Approaches to Optimize Thrombus Characterization for Predicting Early Recanalization and Reperfusion With IV Alteplase and Other Treatments Using Serial CT Angiography; n=614).RESULTS:In the derivation cohort, we selected 2 significant predictors of mRS ≤2 (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at 24 hours and age [β-coefficient, 0.34 and 0.06]) and derived the HERMES-24 score: age (years)/10+National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score at 24 hours. The HERMES-24 score was highly predictive for mRS ≤2 (c-statistic 0.907 [95% CI, 0.879–0.935]) in the derivation cohort. In the validation cohort and the control arm, the HERMES-24 score predicts mRS ≤2 (c-statistic, 0.914 [95% CI, 0.886–0.944] and 0.909 [95% CI, 0.887–0.930]). Observed provability of mRS ≤2 ranged between 3.1% and 3.4% when HERMES-24 score ≥25, while it ranged between 90.6% and 93.0% when HERMES-24 score

Objectives
Long-term sickness absence from employment has negative consequences for the economy and can lead to widened health inequalities. Sick notes (also called ‘fit notes’) are issued by general practitioners when a person cannot work for health reasons for more than 7 days. We quantified the sick note rate in people with evidence of COVID-19 in 2020, 2021 and 2022, as an indication of the burden for people recovering from COVID-19.

Design
Cohort study.

Setting
With National Health Service (NHS) England approval, we used routine clinical data (primary care, hospital and COVID-19 testing records) within the OpenSAFELY-TPP database.

Participants
People 18–64 years with a recorded positive test or diagnosis of COVID-19 in 2020 (n=365 421), 2021 (n=1 206 555) or 2022 (n=1 321 313); general population matched in age, sex and region in 2019 (n=3 140 326), 2020 (n=3 439 534), 2021 (n=4 571 469) and 2022 (n=4 818 870); people hospitalised with pneumonia in 2019 (n=29 673).

Primary outcome measure
Receipt of a sick note in primary care.

Results
Among people with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test or COVID-19 diagnosis, the sick note rate was 4.88 per 100 person-months (95% CI 4.83 to 4.93) in 2020, 2.66 (95% CI 2.64 to 2.67) in 2021 and 1.73 (95% CI 1.72 to 1.73) in 2022. Compared with the age, sex and region-matched general population, the adjusted HR for receipt of a sick note over the entire follow-up period (up to 10 months) was 4.07 (95% CI 4.02 to 4.12) in 2020 decreasing to 1.57 (95% CI 1.56 to 1.58) in 2022. The HR was highest in the first 30 days postdiagnosis in all years. Among people hospitalised with COVID-19, after adjustment, the sick note rate was lower than in people hospitalised with pneumonia.

Conclusions
Given the under-recording of postacute COVID-19-related symptoms, these findings contribute a valuable perspective on the long-term effects of COVID-19. Despite likely underestimation of the sick note rate, sick notes were issued more frequently to people with COVID-19 compared with those without, even in an era when most people are vaccinated. Most sick notes occurred in the first 30 days postdiagnosis, but the increased risk several months postdiagnosis may provide further evidence of the long-term impact.

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New England Journal of Medicine, Ahead of Print.

New England Journal of Medicine, Ahead of Print.

A urine-based test involving 18 genes was more accurate at diagnosing high-grade prostate cancer than existing biomarker tests such as blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), according to a recent study published in JAMA Oncology.

This report describes the development of an 18-gene urine panel for high-grade prostate cancer and validates its external performance relative to current guideline-endorsed biomarkers.

For decades, researchers characterized normal albuminuria as a urine albumin-creatinine ratio of less than 30 mg/g. That has led some clinicians to believe that patients with lower ratios don’t need additional treatment. But a new study in Annals of Internal Medicine challenges that assumption by showing that even low levels of albuminuria are a risk factor for kidney failure in people with chronic kidney disease.

Introduction
Based on the available evidence, cognitive stimulation is recommended as an intervention for people with dementia (PwD). Currently, cognitive stimulation is regularly offered as a group programme in care facilities. However, some residents, such as those who are bedridden, cannot participate. Furthermore, group programmes were not feasible during the pandemic. A concept that accompanies everyday life and enables cognitive stimulation in everyday communication (ie, ‘24/7’) has been missing. Therefore, this feasibility study aims to (1) assess the feasibility of a new continuous 24/7 cognitive stimulation programme (CogStim24) based on a process evaluation and (2) examine the possible effects of CogStim24 on the primary outcome of global cognition in PwD and further PwD-related and staff-related outcomes.

Methods and analysis
The complex CogStim24 programme is developed to be conducted as an everyday intervention during routine care including cognitively stimulating techniques, such as reminiscence therapy, multisensory stimulation and physical activity. In this unblinded single-arm study with pre-assessments and post-assessments, four nursing homes with a total of N=20 nursing and care staff will participate in an 11-week CogStim24 training programme. The intervention will be conducted to N=60 PwD. Neuropsychological assessments will be conducted pre-staff and post-staff training, as well as after a 6-week implementation phase. A process evaluation will be performed.

Ethics and dissemination
Ethics approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. Although cognitive stimulation is known to be effective for enhancing global cognition and quality of life in PwD, it is currently undersupplied to PwD. Therefore, CogStim24 has the potential to reach many more PwD. This study has the potential to serve as a basis for a large multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial. An interdisciplinarity team and mixed-methods approach will help generate information on the practicality and mechanisms of impact of CogStim24. This is important for the further development of the intervention and for facilitating its implementation. The study results will be disseminated via presentations at scientific conferences and meetings for healthcare professionals and PwD and their relatives. Several manuscripts presenting results of the different study parts will be published in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number
DRKS00024381.

New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 390, Issue 18, Page 1729-1729, May 9, 2024.