Risultati per: Identificate le origini evolutive di SARS-CoV-2

Objective
To describe and synthesise studies of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence by occupation prior to the widespread vaccine roll-out.

Methods
We identified studies of occupational seroprevalence from a living systematic review (PROSPERO CRD42020183634). Electronic databases, grey literature and news media were searched for studies published during January–December 2020. Seroprevalence estimates and a free-text description of the occupation were extracted and classified according to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) 2010 system using a machine-learning algorithm. Due to heterogeneity, results were synthesised narratively.

Results
We identified 196 studies including 591 940 participants from 38 countries. Most studies (n=162; 83%) were conducted locally versus regionally or nationally. Sample sizes were generally small (median=220 participants per occupation) and 135 studies (69%) were at a high risk of bias. One or more estimates were available for 21/23 major SOC occupation groups, but over half of the estimates identified (n=359/600) were for healthcare-related occupations. ‘Personal Care and Service Occupations’ (median 22% (IQR 9–28%); n=14) had the highest median seroprevalence.

Conclusions
Many seroprevalence studies covering a broad range of occupations were published in the first year of the pandemic. Results suggest considerable differences in seroprevalence between occupations, although few large, high-quality studies were done. Well-designed studies are required to improve our understanding of the occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 and should be considered as an element of pandemic preparedness for future respiratory pathogens.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of homeless people using survival analysis. Seroprevalence in the homeless community was also compared with that of the general population.

Design
Cohort study.

Setting
Data were collected across two testing sessions, 3 months apart, during which each participant was tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and completed a face-to-face survey.

Participants
All homeless adults sleeping rough, in slums or squats, in emergency shelters or transitional accommodation in Marseille were eligible.

Primary outcome measures
Occurrence of a seroconversion event defined as a biologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Local data from a national seroprevalence survey were used for comparison between homeless people and the general population.

Results
A total of 1249 people were included. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 6.0% (4.7–7.3) during the first session to 18.9% (16.0–21.7) during the second one, compared with 3.0% (1.9–4.2) and 6.5% (4.5–8.7) in the general population. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection were: having stayed in emergency shelters (1.93 (1.18–3.15)), being an isolated parent (1.64 (1.07–2.52)) and having contact with more than 5–15 people per day (1.84 (1.27–2.67)). By contrast, smoking (0.46 (0.32–0.65)), having financial resources (0.70 (0.51–0.97)) and psychiatric or addictive comorbidities (0.52 (0.32–0.85)) were associated with a lower risk.

Conclusion
We confirm that homeless people have higher infection rates than the general population, with increased risk in emergency shelters. There is growing evidence that, in addition to usual preventive measures, public policies should pay attention to adapt the type of accommodation and overall approach of precariousness.

Trial registration number
NCT04408131

Objectives
To estimate the prevalence of long COVID symptoms in children with and without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to evaluate factors associated with long COVID.

Design
A nationwide cross-sectional study.

Setting
Primary care.

Participants
3240 parents of children aged 5–18 with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection completed an online questionnaire (11.9% response rate); 1148 and 2092 with/without a history of infection, respectively.

Primary and secondary outcome measures
Primary outcome was the prevalence of long COVID symptoms in children with/without a history of infection. Secondary outcomes were the factors associated with the presence of long COVID symptoms and with failure to return to baseline health status in children with a history of infection including gender, age, time from illness, symptomatic illness and vaccine status.

Results
Most long COVID symptoms were more prevalent in children with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection: headaches (211 (18.4%) vs 114 (5.4%), p

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

A recent systematic review of studies found that people who have been vaccinated against COVID-19 and have had a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, known as having hybrid immunity, have better protection against the Omicron variant than those with only a previous infection.

This Medical News story discusses a study that found possible associations between postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

In Reply We welcome the opportunity to address the comments expressed by Dr Chang about our recent Research Letter, which found no association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and presymptomatic type 1 diabetes.

To the Editor I have several concerns about the recent study that found no significant association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with autoimmunity related to type 1 diabetes in groups of children and adolescents from Colorado and from Bavaria, Germany.

To the Editor We have several comments about the recent study that concluded that nasal swabs collected by children and adolescents have similar diagnostic performance to those collected by health care professionals.

In Reply We appreciate the letter from Drs Hong and Sung about our study, which demonstrated the ability of children and adolescents to self-collect samples for respiratory virus testing and independently participate in their medical care.

This Medical News article discusses whether swabbing both the nose and the throat might improve the sensitivity of rapid antigen COVID-19 tests.

Stroke, Volume 54, Issue Suppl_1, Page A110-A110, February 1, 2023. Diabetics are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 cerebrovascular complications, including brain fog, cognitive impairment, and strokes. This study aims to identify the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced cerebrovascular dysfunction in diabetes. We hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 exacerbates diabetes-induced cerebral oxidative stress and inflammation via activation of the destructive arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAAS) and Toll-Like receptor (TLR) signaling.Methods:SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein binds to human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptors but not murine Ace2. Therefore, type-2 diabetes was induced in humanized ACE2 (hACE2) knock-in transgenic mice using low-dose streptozotocin followed by eight weeks of a high-fat diet. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein was injected intravenously in control and diabetic mice. Cognitive functions were tested using Y-maze and Barnes maze. RAAS system and TLR signaling were assessed using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The cerebrovascular architecture was measured using immunohistochemistry.Results:Diabetes increased cerebrovascular oxidative stress markers NOX1 and NOX5 and inflammatory markers Il-6, Il-1β, and TNF-α gene expression (P

Stroke, Volume 54, Issue Suppl_1, Page A111-A111, February 1, 2023. SARS-CoV-2 has killed millions of people globally and has left many with devastating health problems, including neurological deficits. SARS-CoV-2 invades endothelial cells via binding its Spike-protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. Losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, upregulates ACE2 expression. We hypothesize that pre-treatment with losartan could increase the cerebrovascular dysfunction associated with SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein, while post-SARS-CoV-2 losartan would provide potential protective effects.Methods:Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein was injected intravenously in transgenic hACE2 mice, humanized ACE2 receptors knock-in mice. Treatment with losartan was started either two weeks before or right after spike-protein injection. Cognitive function was assessed using Y-Maze. Vascular density and cerebral blood flow were evaluated in the hACE2 mice with/out spike protein injection. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis were used to measure protein/gene expression.Results:Spike-protein injection decreased cerebral vascular density and cerebral blood flow in hACE2 brains compared to control (*P

This cross-sectional study uses results from the National COVID Cancer Antibody Survey to evaluate whether spike protein antibody vaccine response following COVID-19 vaccination is associated with risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection or hospitalization among patients with cancer in the UK.

Studio Università Trieste, King’s College London e ICGEB

Objectives
This study aimed to estimate and compare the prevalence of the virus-specific antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein antigen (anti-SARS-CoV-2 N) in healthcare workers and an all-comer paediatric and adult patient population.

Design, setting and participants
A longitudinal study enrolling healthcare professionals and concurrent serial cross-sectional studies of unselected all-comer patients were conducted at an Austrian academic medical centre. Healthcare workers were tested at enrolment and after 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months. The cross-sectional studies in patients were conducted at three time periods, which roughly coincided with the times after the first, second and third wave of SARS-CoV-2 in Austria (ie, 24 August–7 September 2020; 8–22 February 2021 and 9–23 November 2021). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 N antibodies were measured using a sandwich electrochemiluminescence assay (Roche).

Results
In total, 2735 and 9275 samples were measured in 812 healthcare workers (median age: 40 years, 78% female) and 8451 patients (median age: 55 years, 52% female), respectively. Over the entire study period, anti-SARS-CoV-2 N antibodies were detected in 98 of 812 healthcare workers, resulting in a seroprevalence of 12.1% (95% CI 10.0% to 14.5%), which did not differ significantly (p=0.63) from that of the all-comer patient population at the end of the study period (407/3184; 12.8%, 95% CI 11.7% to 14.0%). The seroprevalence between healthcare workers and patients did not differ significantly at any time and was 1.5-fold to 2-fold higher than the number of confirmed cases in Austria throughout the pandemic. In particular, there was no significant difference in the seroprevalence between paediatric and adult patients at any of the tested time periods.

Conclusion
Throughout the pandemic, healthcare staff and an adult and paediatric all-comer patient population had similar exposure to SARS-CoV-2.

Trial registration number
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04407429.