Risultati per: Low Back Pain: raccomandazioni

Objectives
Optimising postoperative pain following knee replacement is important for patients, healthcare professionals and healthcare funders. Adductor canal blocks (ACB) are widely used but there is uncertainty about their efficacy when combined with local infiltration analgesia (LIA) compared with either LIA or ACB alone.

Design
A systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled. The primary outcome was pain over the first 72 hours. Secondary outcomes included morphine use, range of movement, distance walked, length of hospital stay, health economic outcomes and reported adverse events.

Data sources
MEDLINE, Embase, EB Health – KSR Evidence, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, International HTA database, ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO) were searched up to June 2023.

Eligibility criteria
Randomised controlled trials involving patients undergoing primary total knee replacement comparing LIA combined with ACB to either LIA or ACB alone.

Data extraction and synthesis
All eligible studies were data extracted independently by two reviewers. Studies were pooled for each outcome at each timepoint in a random effects meta-analysis.

Results
We identified 13 completed studies including 1154 participants. 12 studies compared LIA vs combination and 5 compared ACB vs combination. We identified that participants receiving the combination had lower pain scores at rest at 24 hours compared with LIA alone (SMD 0.42, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.64) or ACB alone (SMD 0.63, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.83). Pain on movement at 24 hours was also lower for patients with combination vs LIA alone (SMD 0.37, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.73) or ACB alone (SMD 0.81, 95% CI 0.35 to 1.26). We also identified that patients on combination used less morphine than on LIA alone (MD 1.06, 95% CI –0.09 to 2.20) or ACB alone (MD 5.94, 95% CI –2.41 to 14.29). The same was seen with range of motion at 24 hours with combination having a larger improvement than LIA alone (MD –5.19, 95% CI –5.55 to –4.83) or ACB alone (MD –3.80, 95% CI –4.37 to –3.23). These findings were consistent across all time points; however, there were no studies deemed to be at a low risk of bias.

Conclusions
Further well-designed and conducted randomised controlled trials are needed to confirm if a combination of LIA and ACB is superior to either option alone for patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty.

PROSPERO registration number
CRD42023436895.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4145819-A4145819, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Despite early mitigation efforts, the opioid pandemic in the United States has persisted and affected many Americans. A public health emergency was declared urging all prescribers to use caution in prescribing opioids. Alternative approaches to postoperative pain management during transvenous cardiac device implants (TCDI) in adults have not been described.Methods:We report a single-center retrospective analysis of 612 consecutive patients that underwent TCDI between January 2021 and January 2024 with ultrasound guided pectoral nerve block (PNB) using liposomal bupivacaine prior to implant for postoperative pain management. Pain scores (0-10) were recorded systematically in the postoperative period, at discharge, and at wound check follow-up. Any need for opioid use in the postoperative period was recorded as well.Results:A total of 612 patients were evaluated, 50% female with a mean age of 71.2 years. All patients received PNB successfully with no device site infection or hematomas. The mean Visualized Analog Scale (VAS) pain scores at 1, 3, and 5 hours after the procedure, at discharge, and at the follow-up visit were 1.93, 1.22, 1.10, 1.05, and 0.13 respectively. During follow-up, no patients required opioids for pain control throughout the entire postoperative period of 14 days.Conclusion:Pectoral nerve block with liposomal bupivacaine can be performed safely preoperatively during TCDI and provides adequate pain control without need for opioid use postoperatively. Further research is needed to assess broad scale implications of this approach to larger patient populations.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4145822-A4145822, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Anomalous Left Coronary Artery Arising from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA), also known as Bland-White-Garland syndrome, is a rare congenital anomaly(incidence:1 in 300,000 live births) typically presenting during infancy. Adult presentations are even rarer due to a high mortality rate of nearly 90% in the first year of life without surgical intervention. This report examines an adult patient with exercise-induced chest pain who received a delayed diagnosis of ALCAPA via multimodal imaging.Case Summary:A 21-year-old male presented to the emergency department(ED) with severe retrosternal chest pain radiating to both shoulders and arms, which began during exercise 30 minutes prior. He had a history of similar, milder episodes during exercise, previously treated as musculoskeletal pain and gastroesophageal reflux disease in the ED. His medical, social, and family histories were unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a soft, continuous murmur along the left sternal border. During this visit, An EKG done showed sinus tachycardia at 110 bpm and deep T-wave inversions in the anterolateral leads, a dynamic ST-T changes from his baseline.Serial Cardiac biomarkers and a lipid profile were within normal ranges. Initially managed for acute coronary syndrome-unstable angina with antithrombotic therapy, beta-blockers, and nitrates, he underwent urgent coronary angiography. This revealed a dilated right coronary artery (RCA) with retrograde flow to the left coronary artery (LCA) into the main pulmonary artery (PA) via collaterals, with no evidence of atherosclerosis (Figure 1).Echocardiography (Figure 2) and coronary CT angiography (Figure 3) confirmed the diagnosis of ALCAPA. The patient underwent successful surgical repair with aortic reimplantation of the LCA and was discharged in good health.Discussion:In adult ALCAPA patients, good collateral circulation may develop; however, myocardial ischemia can occur due to the “coronary steal phenomenon” and poor collateral flow regulation, leading to angina, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. ALCAPA should be considered a differential diagnosis in adults presenting with exercise intolerance, as most sudden cardiac death cases occur by the fourth decade. A high index of clinical suspicion and a multimodality imaging approach is essential for the early diagnosis of this rare coronary anomaly, underscoring the critical role of early surgical intervention in preventing catastrophic, life-threatening events.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4123637-A4123637, November 12, 2024. Background:Invasive coronary reactivity testing (CRT) is the gold standard for comprehensive assessment of coronary endothelial and microvascular dysfunction in patients with angina and non-obstructive CAD (ANOCA). Non-invasive imaging modalities (PET and CMR) have emerged as potential alternatives. However, due to the inability to systemically administer acetylcholine, patients with normal coronary flow reserve (CFR) but abnormal endothelial function on invasive Ach testing are systemically missed on non-invasive testing. We aimed to assess the prevalence of coronary endothelial dysfunction in ANOCA patients with normal CFR.Methods:Consecutive patients undergoing CRT at our institution were included. Those with normal adenosine-based CFR ( >2.5), were further stratified as having normal coronary endothelial function (NEF, 50% increase in coronary blood flow in response to ACh) vs abnormal endothelial function (AEF, >20% epicardial coronary diameter constriction and/or

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4140117-A4140117, November 12, 2024. Background:Catheter ablation is a most common treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF), but rhythm outcome after AF ablation in long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LS-PerAF) is still poor. Left atrial low-voltage areas (LVAs) is associated with poor rhythm outcome after catheter ablation. However, the predictors of LVAs presence have not been fully elucidated in patients with LS-PerAF.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to establish a novel predictive score for the prevalence of LVAs in patients with LS-PerAF ablation.Methods:In total, 109 consecutive patients who underwent initial ablation for LS-PerAF were included. LS-PerAF was defined as AF whose duration was more than 1 year. LVA was defined as areas with bipolar peak-to-peak voltage of < 0.50mV. A clinical risk score was obtained as the total number of independent predictors analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. AF recurrence after the catheter ablation was followed for 24 months.Results:Of 109 patients with LS-PerAF, LVAs existed in 26 (24%) patients. A novel predictive score, named DESK score, consisted of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] 3.7, [95% confidence interval {CI} 2.2–11], p = 0.02), age ≥ 70 years (OR 3.8, [95% CI 1.4-10], p = 0.007), female sex (3.0 [95% CI 1.04-8.4], p = 0.04), AF duration ≥ 3.7 years (44 months) (OR 3.7, [95% CI 1.3-11], p =0.02). LVAs were more frequently found in patients with a higher DESK score (OR, 3.5 [95% CI, 1.9–6.5], p < 0.001) (Figure 1A). On receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, DESK score was a moderate predictor of LVAs presence (area under the curve, 0.750; Figure 1B). The optimal cut-off of DESK score was 3 points, corresponding to a 38.5% sensitivity, 97.6% specificity, and 83.5% predictive accuracy. Freedom from AF recurrence was significantly lower in patients with DESK score ≥ 3 than in those with DESK score < 3 (10.4% vs. 43.5%, p = 0.008).Conclusions:In patients who underwent LS-PerAF ablation, the DESK score correlated with the prevalence of LVAs, and associated with poor rhythm outcome.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4136984-A4136984, November 12, 2024. .Background:Third-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) is the most common manifestation of Anti-Ro antibody associated fetal cardiac disease. Extranodal findings of isolated cardiac echogenicity, valvulitis with insufficiency and AV interval prolongation have been reported but not described in large prospective series.Aims:To report the occurrence and outcomes of extranodal findings in subjects followed prospectively since 2020 in STOP BLOQ (Surveillance and Treatment to Prevent Fetal AV block Likely to Occur Quickly) and the Registry for Neonatal Lupus (RNL).Methods:We reviewed fetal echo reports from pregnant STOP BLOQ and RNL Anti-Ro antibody subjects. Pregnancies with high ( >1000 EU for anti-Ro52 or 60) antibody titers measured in a core research lab underwent surveillance with home fetal heart rate monitoring (FHRM) 3x/day and weekly or bi-weekly fetal echos from 17- 26 gestational weeks. Low titer subjects underwent echo or no surveillance based on local site protocol. We evaluated cardiac function, effusions, cardiac echogenicity and its location, any tricuspid (TV) or mitral (MV) insufficiency trivial or >trivial) and AV conduction times (170 ms)Results:Echo reports were available in 622 prospectively followed pregnancies (376 high (40/376 with a previously affected child) and 246 low-titer pregnancies. All had subjectively normal ventricular function and none had effusions. Seven fetuses, 2 low and 5 high titer at 19 (range 16.7-21.7) weeks demonstrated cardiac echogenicity (n=6), AV or semilunar valve insufficiency (n=2) or AV interval 150-170 ms (n=2) (Table). Subjects 1 and 2, both high titer and treated with prophylactic Plaquenil (400 mg/d before 10 gestational weeks), had prior fetal AVB. Subject #1 had normal AV conduction but MV and TV echogenicity and moderate insufficiency of both valves which resolved in days after IVIG and dexamethasone (dex) treatment, but 3° AVB developed at 19 weeks after dex wean. Subjects 2-7 received no treatment and extranodal findings did not progress to cardiac dysfunction or AVB. During the same time period, 10 high titer subjects developed 2° or 3° AVB.Conclusion:Anti-Ro associated extranodal findings are rare, occurring in 1% of pregnancies overall and in 5% of pregnancies with a previously affected child. Unlike AVB, extranodal findings can occur in low titer pregnancies. The role of treatment for isolated extranodal findings in the absence of cardiac dysfunction is unclear.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4141438-A4141438, November 12, 2024. Background:Catheter ablation is a well-established treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). Left atrial low-voltage areas (LVAs) is associated with atrial remodeling following the progression of atrial cardiomyopathy, and poor rhythm outcome after catheter ablation. However, the predictors of LVAs presence have not been fully elucidated in different age groups.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to investigate predictors of the prevalence of LVAs in different age groups.Methods:1,488 (age, 69 ± 10 years; female, 501 [34%]) consecutive patients who underwent initial ablation were included. Age groups were divided into three groups, namely

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4144554-A4144554, November 12, 2024. INTRODUCTION:Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) is a powerful noninvasive tool for identifying high-risk plaque, such as low-density non-calcified plaque (LD-NCP). Though, the optimal treatment of patients with LD-NCP remains unclear. This study explored the association of revascularization in the setting of LD-NCP with the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).Methods:This was a post-hoc analysis of the ICONIC study. A subset of 234 patients that underwent CCTA with subsequent ACS were matched to 234 control patients who also underwent CCTA but did not have ACS during follow-up. Patients were also followed for occurrence of revascularization, either coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis imaging-enabled quantitative CT (AI-QCT) was used to measure diameter stenosis, and LD-NCP, non-calcified plaque, and calcified plaque volumes from each CCTA. LD-NCP was defined as plaque with -190 to 30 Hounsfield Units. Patients were stratified based on the presence of LD-NCP. Subgroup analysis was conducted to compare the occurrence of ACS with the rate of revascularization. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and extended Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate the effect size of revascularization and LD-NCP on occurrence of ACS.Results:AI-QCT was completed in 448/468 subjects (follow-up time [MEAN±SD] 2.44±2.48 years). The median of LD-NCP was 1.2 mm3for patients with >0 mm3LD-NCP. There were 85 patients with LD-NCP >1.2 mm3and 363 patients with LD-NCP ≤1.2 mm3. In patients with LD-NCP >1.2 mm3, the rate of revascularization in patients with and without ACS was 3/52 (5.8%) versus 14/33 (42.4%) (p1.2 mm3and revascularization were less likely to have ACS during follow-up (adjusted HR: 0.20 [0.07, 0.61]; p=0.005). Additionally, patients with LD-NCP >1.2 mm3who did not undergo revascularization were more likely to have ACS (adjusted HR: 1.47 [1.03, 2.12]; p=0.036). Hazard ratios were adjusted for diameter stenosis, and non-calcified and calcified plaque volume. Time-dependent coefficients were included for diameter stenosis.Conclusion:Revascularization of patients with LD-NCP >1.2 mm3identified on CCTA with AI-QCT was associated with less risk for ACS.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4147691-A4147691, November 12, 2024. Background:The prognosis of patients with paradoxical low flow, low gradient, severe aortic stenosis (LFLGAS) is variable, necessitating improved risk stratification. Although this entity is more common in women, the impact of sex on outcomes remains unclear. Energy loss index (ELI), which accounts for aortic root size in estimating the severity of aortic valve stenosis, may enhance risk prediction in LFLGAS. This study aims to investigate sex-based ELI prognostic value in patients with paradoxical LFLGAS.Methods:This study analyzed clinical, echocardiographic, and outcome data collected in 294 patients with paradoxical LFLGAS, with AVA

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4142690-A4142690, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Given the well-documented benefits of yoga on the cardiovascular system and improvement of exercise tolerance and quality of life, the American Heart Association recently recommended yoga as a safe and well-tolerated adjunctive therapy for patients with heart failure (HF). However, most studies have focused on testing yoga with moderate levels of physical movement, leaving a gap in our understanding of the potential benefits of yoga with low levels of physical movement.The specific aims of this pilot study were to explore the potential benefits of yoga with low levels of physical exercise movement, combined with longer deep breathing and meditation, on the psychological and physical health outcomes of patients with HF.Methods:Yoga was delivered using tele-health to patients with HF at home. Outpatients with HF (N=17) were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n=11) or the control (n=6) groups using a 2:1 ratio. The intervention group participated in twice-weekly live-streamed yoga sessions over a 12-week period led by nurse yoga instructors. Outcome measures included depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety (Hospital Anxiety Index), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), perceived control (Control Attitude Scale-Revised), sit-stand test, and length of activity measured with an ActiGraph watch worn for 7 days. Paired t-tests were conducted to examine the differences in outcomes over time.Results:For the intervention group, there was a significant improvement in global sleep quality (8.8 vs. 6.0, p= 0.4 respectively), with a significant increase in sleep duration (3.0 vs 0.6, P

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4140323-A4140323, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) have a higher risk of CVD events yet are less likely to utilize outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (OCR), which is an evidence-based secondary prevention strategy. Understanding barriers and facilitators to the implementation of OCR among individuals with low SES is critical to design targeted interventions to improve attendance.Aims:To identify barriers and facilitators to OCR attendance among individuals with low SES using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) theoretical model.Methods:We purposefully recruited patients for in-depth interviews who had: a recent CVD event (≤ 3 months); documented referral to OCR; low SES (Medicaid eligible, or in the top quartile of area deprivation index); those who attended ≥ 1 session of OCR and those who did not. Semi-structured interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Codes were identified using a phenomenological approach guided by the COM-B model.Results:Participants (N=26) were 54% women, 58% Black, with mean age of 67.1 (12.7 years). Barriers and facilitators identified fit the COM-B model.Capabilitythemes included knowledge and awareness of OCR. OCR attendees (n=12) recalled discussing OCR, the benefits, and their physicians encouraging participation pre-discharge. Non-attendees (N=14) reported no, or very little knowledge about OCR, or weak recommendations by their physician.Opportunitythemes included social support from caregivers/family, peers, and their healthcare team. OCR attendees described a strong support network of caregivers who helped with logistics and motivation to participate, wanting to be with peers, and outreach of the healthcare team after discharge. Non-attendees described lack of social support, logistical barriers, and no outreach.Motivationthemes reflected the strong belief in the benefits of CR to improve physical and mental health, quality of life, and prevent future events among attendees. Non-attendees generally lacked a perceived need for OCR particularly if they had returned to baseline after their CVD event.Conclusions:Non-attenders of CR were distinguishable from attendees using the COM-B model, which can be used to guide intervention development. Our findings support a multi-level strategy that includes tailored education, social support, motivational enhancement, implemented by a trained health navigator, to overcome barriers to CR attendance among patients with low SES.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4138757-A4138757, November 12, 2024. Background:Optimizing lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) use is foundational to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, especially among patients who have already experienced an ASCVD event. This study aimed to evaluate the patterns of LLT intensification and LDL-C testing within 12 months following an ASCVD event in US patients.Methods:Adults who experienced an ASCVD event (acute coronary syndrome, coronary revascularization, stable angina, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral arterial disease) between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2022 in the IQVIA Longitudinal Access and Adjudication Data were included. The first instance of LLT intensification after the event was defined as an increase from a low-moderate to high intensity statin, or the initiation of statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9i, or bempedoic acid in addition to a baseline LLT regimen that did not include these medications. Baseline medication use was defined during 6 months before the ASCVD event.Results:Among 6,028,573 patients who had an eligible ASCVD event (mean age: 63.6 years, 51.5% male), 53.9% were not taking any LLT and 43.2% were taking statins only (low-moderate intensity: 26.7%; high intensity: 16.4%) during baseline. Within 1, 3, and 12 months after the event, 16.3%, 21.3%, and 30.0% of patients intensified LLT, respectively. Among patients who intensified LLT within 12 months (n= 1,820,246), the most commonly observed intensification was from no LLT use at baseline to low-moderate (29.0%) or high-intensity statins (43.5%), followed by intensification from low-moderate to high-intensity statins (20.3%). LDL-C values at baseline were available in a subset of 10.7% of patients, with the median being 95 mg/dL (78.9% ≥70 mg/dL). LDL-C values were observed in 17.7% of patients within 12 months after the ASCVD event, with the median being 84 mg/dL (68.3% ≥70 mg/dL).Conclusions:Within 12 months after an ASCVD event, only about one-third of patients intensified LLT and two-thirds did not achieve guideline-recommended LDL-C levels. The results highlight a missed opportunity to reduce recurrent ASCVD events. Future effort is warranted to address the clinical inertia that may be contributing to this unmet need.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4128599-A4128599, November 12, 2024. Background:Inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are commonly implanted in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) who are unable to receive anticoagulation, to protect against clot migration to the heart. With prolonged implantation, IVC filters are associated with complications: device fracture, migration, penetration into adjacent organs and worsened VTE. Two Federal Drug Administration advisories and multi-society guidelines have emphasized the importance of timely retrieval but national retrieval rates remain low (= 18 years was identified in the 2016-2020 inpatient and outpatient 100% limited data set Medicare files using claims codes. Hospital information for the implanting facility was cross-linked from the American Hospital Association and Healthcare Cost Report Information System files, including identifying information, teaching status, census location, operating margin and % uncompensated care. IVC filter retrieval rates and time to retrieval from implantation was calculated. Bayesian hospital profiling methods were used to quantify 1-year retrieval rate for all U.S. facilities, adjusting for patient factors – demographics, diagnostic indications and comorbidities.Results:Among Medicare beneficiaries, there were 140,481 IVC Filter implantations across 2,850 facilities. Excluding patients who died within 90 days of implantation (25.7%), retrieval rates at 3 months, 1 year and anytime were 7.9%, 18.7% and 20.0% respectively. IVC Filter retrieval within 1 year varied significantly at the facility-level, from 0-100%.Focusing on facilities with at least 13 IVC filter implantations each year (top 25%ile volume), 1-year retrieval ranged from 0 to 74.5%. Higher 1-year retrieval was seen among higher implantation volume (12.4% bottom quartile, 20.5% top quartile), teaching (21.1% teaching vs. 16.9% nonteaching) and non-safety net (21.1% low uncompensated care, 15.0% high uncompensated care) hospitals. Retrieval rates did not vary significantly by hospital operating margin or rurality.Conclusion(s):There is low overall IVC filter retrieval in the United States with large underlying facility-level variation. Focused examination of high-performing facilities could yield insights on how to improve device retrieval nationally.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4147079-A4147079, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Observational studies in heart failure (HF) patients have shown that low levels of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) with otherwise normal thyroid testing (‘low T3 syndrome’) is a risk factor for adverse clinical outcomes. Preclinical studies have shown beneficial effects from T3 therapy on myocardial contractility, myocardial relaxation, and vascular resistance, but human studies are lacking.Research Question:In patients with HF and low T3 syndrome, is oral liothyronine (LT3) safe, and does it impact cardiovascular clinical and physiologic phenotypes?Aims:Primary aim: To evaluate the safety of oral LT3 therapy in HFrEF and HFpEF. Secondary aim: To evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of oral LT3 therapy in HFrEF and HFpEF.Methods:A total of 28 participants with HFrEF and 28 with HFpEF aged 18+ years enrolled in a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial and were prescribed LT3 or placebo for 8 weeks with a 2-week washout period. Primary outcomes were safety as assessed by T3 level; arrhythmic events by EKG, 14-day adhesive patch monitoring, and ICD (HFrEF only); and adverse events. Secondary efficacy outcomes included Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, NT-proBNP level, peak O2 consumption during a cardiopulmonary exercise test, and actigraphy. Secondary mechanistic outcomes included non-invasive assessments of cardiac and arterial function measured via echocardiography and arterial tonometry.Results:Low T3 syndrome was present in 20% of screened participants. After LT3 treatment, T3 levels markedly increased compared with placebo. Heart rate was higher on LT3 (mean difference 2.4 beats per minute, p

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4140066-A4140066, November 12, 2024. Background:The no-reflow has been reported to be associated with larger infarct size and mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). A pathological classification of no-reflow was proposed: structural no-reflow—microvessels within the necrotic myocardium exhibit loss of capillary integrity (it is usually irreversible)—and functional no reflow—patency of microvasculature is compromised due to distal embolization, spasm, ischemic injury, reperfusion injury. It may be reversible. After about 6 hours of AMI, myocardial necrosis occurs, which leads to the coronary microcirculation to injury which contribute to no-reflow. The rate of no-reflow was lower in patients presented with AMI, who had reperfusion in less than 4 hours. In AMI within 4 hours of pain-to-balloon time, the proportion of reversible causes of no-reflow may be higher compared to irreversible causes. The incidence of no-reflow was higher in patients with attenuated plaque ≥5 mm in length as evaluated by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS).Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of no-reflow after PCI and the association between attenuation plaque as detected by IVUS and no-reflow in ACS patients within 4 hours of pain-to-balloon time.Methods and Results:We retrospectively evaluated 77 ACS patients within 4 hours of pain-to-balloon time between December 2020 and March 2022. Patients were divided into the reflow group (final TIMI 3) (n = 58) and the no-reflow group (final TIMI < 3) (n = 19). The median peak creatine kinase (CK) level was significantly higher in the no-reflow group compared to the reflow group (3754 IU/L [IQR: 4155] vs. 1712 IU/L [IQR: 2849]). Blood pressure decrease during PCI was significantly more pronounced in the no-reflow group (47.4% vs. 8.6%, p < 0.001). The proportion of low attenuation plaque observed by IVUS with a length of ≥5 mm was significantly higher in the no-reflow group compared to the reflow group (52.6% vs. 25.5%, p = 0.032). The proportion of low attenuation plaque with an angle of ≥180 degrees was significantly higher in the no-reflow group compared to the reflow group (68.4% vs. 41.2%, p=0.043).Conclusion:In ACS patients within 4 hours of pain-to-balloon time, the peak CK and the decrease in blood pressure during PCI were significantly greater and the proportion of low attenuation plaque with a length of ≥5 mm and an angle of ≥180 degrees were significantly higher in the no-reflow group.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4139384-A4139384, November 12, 2024. Background:Recent evidence suggests a therapeutic role for ketosis in patients with heart failure (HF). However, little is known regarding the safety and effectiveness of a low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (LCKD) in patients with overweight or obesity and HF.Purpose:To examine the safety and effectiveness of a LCKD in patients with overweight or obesity and HF.Methods:A retrospective review from 2006-2024 was conducted of all patients with overweight or obesity and HF who followed a LCKD with clinical oversight for at least one year in a university health system. Changes in metabolic outcomes, echocardiographic measures, and medication use were assessed. Heart failure hospitalization (HFH) rates and rate ratios (RR) and all-cause mortality rates were calculated and stratified by HF classification.Results:A total of 125 patients met inclusion criteria, including 59 patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and 66 patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Patients lost a median (interquartile range) of 11.2 kg (-19.5, 4.4;p