Risultati per: GPG: Versione 5.6.2.1 (Aprile 2021)

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4147096-A4147096, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Increased prevalence and incidence of heart failure have resulted in a significant rise in the number of patients progressing to advanced heart failure (AHF). Heart transplantation (HT) has been the gold standard treatment for AHF. However, there is limited long-term data on trends in HT procedures and associated costs.Aim:This study aims to perform a comprehensive analysis to ascertain the trends in the number of HTs and the corresponding costs incurred.Methods:Utilizing the National Readmission Database 2010 to 2021, the study population was identified as new recipients of HT, and their median index admission charges were evaluated. We excluded patients aged < 18 with HT and LVAD during the index hospitalization.Results:We identified 36,379 weighted index hospital admissions from January to December 2010 - 2021. The annual HTs increased from 2,905 to 4,046, and the HT numbers increased by 39.28% (Figure 1). From 2010 to 2017, the HT numbers increased by approximately 11.46%; from 2018 to 2021, the increase was about 19.81%. Concurrently, median index admission costs increased from $146,817 in 2010 to $243,079 in 2021 (Figure 2), with a 65.57% cost increase. Considering patient demographics, 47% had private insurance, and Medicare covered 34%. Most patients were discharged home (48%) or to home with health care services (42%).Conclusion:Over the past 12 years, the total number of HT procedures rose by 39.28%. However, associated costs have surged disproportionately by 65.57% since 2010. A significant increase in OHT procedures from 2018 may be linked to policy changes by the United Network for Organ Sharing(Maitra, Dugger et al., 2023). Escalating costs warrant in-depth evaluation and potential policy revisions to curb healthcare expenses for managing advanced end-stage heart failure.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4119072-A4119072, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy often presents very similarly to acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Although the gravity of the condition is being increasingly recognized, prognostic factors have been hardly established. We applied known near-term ACS mortality risk factors to determine their prognostic value in takotsubo cardiomyopathy.Methods:We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample database for 2021. Inclusion criteria were Principal Diagnosis of Takotsubo Syndrome (ICD 10 code “I5181”) and age 18 years or more. Different comorbidities, age, and gender were analyzed in these patients, and the primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Univariate logistic regression was used to test the association of each factor with mortality, and multivariate logistic regression was then used to test for independent predictive value. Analyses were performed using STATA/BE 18.0. Significance was set at 0.05.Results:9109 admissions for takotsubo syndrome were identified (10.3% males and 89.7% females) with a mean age of 67 years and an inpatient mortality rate of 2.31%. On univariate regression, age (OR 1.04; p=0.013), heart failure (OR 3.2; p

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4147113-A4147113, November 12, 2024. Background:Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) is a rapidly evolving procedure with significant implications for patient outcomes. Understanding trends in TAVI outcomes over time can help identify areas for improvement and guide clinical practice. This study aims to analyze trends in mortality, procedural complications, length of stay (LOS), and total charges for TAVI patients from 2016 to 2021.Methods:We performed a trend analysis of TAVI procedures using data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016 to 2021. Outcomes assessed included in-hospital mortality, transfusion rates, permanent pacemaker (PPM) insertion, postprocedure shock, prosthetic valve dysfunction, intraprocedure stroke, LOS, and total hospital charges. The P-trend test was used to determine statistical significance over the six-year period.Results:A total of TAVI procedures were analyzed from 2016 to 2021. In-hospital mortality decreased significantly from 1.76% in 2016 to 1.06% in 2021 (P-trend

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4146890-A4146890, November 12, 2024. Background:COVID-19 has introduced new complexities in the management of patients undergoing the transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) procedure of the mitral valve. This study compares outcomes of mitral valve TEER in patients with and without COVID-19, utilizing data from the National Inpatient Sample (2020-2021).Methods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study on 23,465 patients without COVID-19 and 85 patients with COVID-19 undergoing mitral valve TEER. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to compare outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders. Primary outcomes included mortality and major complications, while secondary outcomes encompassed specific procedural complications.Results:Patients with COVID-19 were younger (mean age: 73.176 vs. 76.178 years, p-value

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4120332-A4120332, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Sleep apnea (SA) is often underrecognized and undertreated despite its high prevalence in the adult population and its association with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. There are limited estimates of national trends on cardiovascular mortality in older patients with sleep apnea. We aimed to assess the sex and race-related trends of ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in the older adults with SA using a large population-based database.Methods:We utilized the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging, Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) database which provides information from death certificates of all US residents according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). The demographic and mortality data were obtained for the United States population >65 years from 1999 to 2021. Ischemic heart disease (ICD-10 codes I20-I25) was listed as the underlying cause of death, and SA (G47.3) as a contributing cause of death. Age adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 1,000,000 population were calculated by standardizing deaths to the year 2000 US population. We used Jointpoint Regression Program to analyze temporal trends in mortality from 2000 to 2021. Average annual percentage change (AAPC) with 95% CI were calculated to examine trends in AAMR over time.Results:Overall, AAMR of IHD mortality for patients with SA increased from 7.9 per 1,000,000 (95% CI, 6.9-8.8) in 1999 to 53.4 per 1,000,000 (95% CI, 51.4-55.4) in 2021 with an AAPC of 9.1% per year (95% CI, 8.8-9.5). Men had consistently higher AAMR than women throughout the study period (overall AAMR men: 45.51 (95% CI, 44.8-46.2); women: 12.5 (95% CI, 12.2-12.8). Both the groups had a similar increasing trend in AAMR, with men having a steeper increase. [AAPC men: 9.3% (95% CI, 8.5-10.8) versus AAPC women: 8.6%, 95% CI, 8.1-9.7]. Non Hispanic (NH) White population had the greatest AAMR throughout the study period, followed by NH Black and Hispanic or Latino. The NH White population had the largest increase in AAMR from 1999 to 2021 (AAPC 9.4%, 95% CI:8.9-10.1).Conclusion:In the United States, there has been a general increase in IHD mortality related to sleep apnea over the last two decades. This rising trend as noted in our analysis is concerning and underscores the need for more robust cardiovascular surveillance in these patients.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4146129-A4146129, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the primary cause of death and disability among women worldwide. Despite its escalating impact, there remains a significant gap in consistent and comparative global data on the burden of CVD in women. This groundbreaking study provides the first estimates of the CVD burden in women over the past three decades, including the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic.Method:Using the Global Burden of Disease 2021 framework, we estimated the prevalence, incidence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women. This analysis spans ages, years, and locations across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021.Results:From 1990 to 2021, the total percentage change (TPC) in prevalence of the condition increased by 108%, followed by a 91% increase in incidence, and a 47% increase in deaths. Regionally, the highest TPC in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was observed in Central Asia at 14%, while the highest mortality rate (ASMR) was in Southern Sub-Saharan Africa at 15%, and the highest YLD rate (ASYLDR) was in Australasia at 8% from 1990 to 2021. Nationally, Uzbekistan saw the largest increase in ASIR at 69%, and the United Arab Emirates had the highest increase in ASMR at 82%. In terms of socio-demographic index, the highest ASYLDR was observed in middle SDI regions with a 1% increase, while other regions saw decreases. Regarding age, individuals aged 55 and over recorded the highest deaths at 8.4 million, followed by the 20-54 age group with 659,296, and under 20s at 37,034 in 2021. Ischemic heart disease constituted 43.46% of all CVD-related deaths in 2021.Conclusion:Deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women attributable to metabolic risk factors accounted for 70.75% of all CVD-related fatalities. This was followed by behavioral risk factors at 34.64% and environmental risk factors at 31.62%. The disproportionate impact of metabolic, behavioral, and environmental risk factors on cardiovascular disease-related deaths in women highlights the critical need for targeted intervention strategies. Addressing these risk factors through comprehensive public health initiatives could significantly reduce the global burden of CVD in women.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4145471-A4145471, November 12, 2024. Background:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is induced by chronic alcohol consumption and is a predominant cause of non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Here we evaluate the trends of ACM from 1980 to 2021, while focusing on locoregional variations which will help identify the areas with the highest disease burden and guide future investigation into underlying causes.Methods:Data extraction from the Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study encompassed age-standardized death rates (ASDR), Years of Lost Life (YLL), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The dataset was globally stratified by continent and by World Bank income classification. Joinpoint Regression was employed to determine average annual percentage changes (AAPC).Results:Globally, the prevalence of alcoholic cardiomyopathy decreased from 1990 to 2021, with an AAPC of -0.80 (95% CI -0.82 to -0.78). However, the ASDR had a fluctuating trend from 1980 to 2021. Intermittent spikes in ASDRs could be observed, with the most prominent ones seen from 1991 to 1994 (Annual Percentage Change =9.71; 95% CI 6.1-11.3) and 2002 to 2005 (Annual Percentage Change =12.54; 95% CI 9.2-14.4). Overall, however, the global ASDR decreased from 1980 (ASDR=1.3) to 2021 (ASDR=0.7) with an AAPC of -1.48 (95% CI – 1.5 to -1.3). Similarly, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and age-standardized Years of Lost Life (YLL) also declined over this period [(AAPC=-1.03; 95% CI -1.25 to -0.82) and AAPC= -1.14 (95% CI -1.26 to -1.03) respectively]. In continent-wise analysis, North America and Europe had higher ASDRs, while Asia and Africa had lower ASDRs throughout the analysis. It was observed that irrespective of ASDRs, all continents independently had a decreasing trend in alcoholic cardiomyopathy mortality. According to world bank income levels, low- and lower- middle-income countries had higher death rates than high- and upper-middle income countries.Conclusions:Global trends in alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) from 1980 to 2021 reveal fluctuating mortality rates, with substantial intermittent surges. Despite declining DALYs and prevalence, low-income and lower-middle-income nations have persistently high death rates which underscores the need for targeted interventions to address this concerning disparity.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4146702-A4146702, November 12, 2024. Background:Aortic aneurysm, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by weakness of the aortic wall, poses a significant health risk, especially when concurrent with high systolic blood pressure. In an aging population experiencing the effects of smoking and atherosclerotic disease, it is imperative to explore the burden associated with hypertension-related aortic aneurysm mortality.Methods:The Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study was used to extract data for high systolic blood pressure-related aortic aneurysm from 1990-2021. Dataset was stratified globally, continent wise, and by World Bank income levels. Age-standardized death rates (ASDRs), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) were examined. Jointpoint regression was used to quantify these estimates and calculate average annual percentage changes (AAPCs).Results:Globally, the age standardized death rates (ASDR) for hypertension-related aortic aneurysm rupture had a declining trend from 1990-2021. In 1990, the ASDR was 0.52 (95% UI 0.39-0.65), which declined to 0.32 in 2021 (AAPC=-1.53; 95% CI -1.57 to -1.48). The disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were 9.55 in 1990 and decreased to 6.19 in 2021 (AAPC=-1.38; 95% CI -1.42 to -1.33). The age standardized years of life lost (YLL) also showed a uniform drop over the same period (AAPC=-1.38; 95% CI -1.42 to -1.33). In continent wise analysis, North America and Europe exhibited significant decline [(AAPC=-2.44; 95% CI -2.48 to -2.40) and (AAPC=-1.58; 95% CI -1.64 to -1.51) respectively], while Africa showed minimal variation. Importantly, however, Asia was the only continent with a rising mortality during this period (AAPC=0.77; 95% CI 0.73-0.81). According to World Bank income levels, high income countries had continuous decline in death rates while lower-middle income countries had increasing deaths rates. Upper-middle and low-income countries both had minimal variation in death rates during this period.Conclusion:Global efforts to reduce hypertension-related aortic aneurysm mortality have yielded positive results, but regional disparities persist. Continued research, prevention, and healthcare interventions are crucial to further mitigate this health risk.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4147474-A4147474, November 12, 2024. Background and Aims:Atrial fibrillation constitutes a major global public health issue, with its epidemiological patterns having changed significantly over the past decades. In this study, we aimed to analyze trends of mortality due to alcoholic atrial fibrillation from 1990-2021, including identifying the patterns in age-standardized death rates (ASDR), years of life lost (YLL), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) over time, and raising awareness about the global health burden of alcoholic atrial fibrillation.Methods:Data on alcohol-related atrial fibrillation was extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases 2021 study, including ASDR, YLL, and DALY from 1990 to 2021. The dataset was globally divided and categorized by continents and World Bank income levels. Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to determine average annual percentage changes (AAPC) from 1990 to 2021.Results:Globally, the Age standardized death rates (ASDR) for alcohol-related atrial fibrillation had a constant trend from 1990-2021. The ASDR was determined to be 0.15 (95% UI 0.1-0.2) both in 1990 and 2021 (AAPC=-0.014; 95% CI -0.014 to -0.036). Although the overall trend is constant, a considerable spike in mortality rates was observed from 2000-2010 (APC=0.38). Globally, the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and the age standardized years of life lost (YLL) have remained fairly constant with AAPCs of -0.052 (95% CI -0.063 to -0.036) and -0.07 (95% CI -0.098 to -0.047), respectively. In continent wise analysis, North America and Asia had intermittent spikes in ASDRs while Europe and Africa showed a constant trend throughout the analysis. From 1990 to 2021, North America had an AAPC of 1.26 (95% CI 1.23-1.29), showing a deviation from global trend with an incline. Similarly, Asia had an increasing trend with AAPC of 0.58 (95% CI 0.55-0.6). Africa also had a minutely increasing trend from 1990 to 2021 with an AAPC of 0.36 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.38). According to World Bank income levels, high-income countries had the highest death rates, followed by upper-middle income, lower-middle income and low-income countries in descending order.Conclusions:Although trends in the burden of alcohol-related atrial fibrillation have varied globally, the net change in years of life lost (YLL) and age-standardized death rates (ASDR) from 1990 to 2021 have been minimal. The data highlights the need for further research, to develop specific strategies that are targeted at specific populations.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4146053-A4146053, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Cardiomyopathy (CM) and myocarditis rank as the fifth leading cause of death and disability in G20 countries amongst all cardiovascular disease related (CVD) deaths. Despite their escalating burden, there is a notable lack of consistent data across these nations. This study is the first to estimate the burden of these cardiac conditions over the last three decades, including the initial two years of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the urgent need for improved surveillance and specific healthcare strategies to manage these critical health issues.Method:We estimated incidence, prevalence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs) due to CM and myocarditis by age, sex, year and location across the G20 countries from 1990-2021 using global burden of disease 2021 methodology.Results:From 1990 to 2021, the total percentage change (TPC) in prevalence counts increased by 64% (95% Uncertainty Interval: 53% to 75%), incidence by 57% (47% to 68%), and deaths by 37% (26% to 49%). Japan had the highest age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) at 19.84 (16.38-24.21) cases per 100,000, closely followed by Sweden at 19.74 cases per 100,000. The highest mortality rate (ASMR) was observed in Latvia at 27.95 (23.89-31.99) cases per 100,000, with Russia following at 26.3 cases per 100,000 in 2021. Poland recorded the highest YLD rate (ASYLDR) at 16.13 (11.05-22.86), with Sweden next at 15.67 per 100,000 in 2021. The highest incidence occurred in the 70-74 age group with 76,173 cases (46,415-113,840), with the most deaths in the 80-84 age group at 31,289 (27,390-33,741), and the highest DALYs in the 55-59 age group at 750,723 (680,540-814,890) in 2021. Regarding gender, the TPC in incidence for males was 55% compared to 61% for females, in deaths 57% for males versus 16% for females, and in YLDs 67% for males versus 54% for females from 1990 to 2021.Conclusion:Deaths due to CM and myocarditis accounted for 2.04% of all CVD deaths in G20 countries in 2021. The increasing burden highlights the need of proactive initiatives, including tailored health education and advanced screening programs. It should be prioritized to address the needs of the most affected demographics and regions. Integrating technology and cross-border healthcare collaborations could play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of this condition and enhancing overall public health resilience.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4146077-A4146077, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality across Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. Although there has been a lack of comprehensive studies on the burden of IHD attributable to air pollution, this study is the first to estimate its impact over the last three decades, including the initial two years of the COVID-19 pandemic.Method:Using global burden of disease tool, we estimated deaths, disability adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs) due to IHD attributable to Air pollution by age, sex, year across the SEA, EA, and Oceania from 1990-2021.Results:From 1990 to 2021, the annual percentage change (APC) in total deaths due to ambient particulate matter pollution increased by 112% (95% UI: 79-151%), with DALYs rising by 77% (51-108%) and YLDs by 106% (91-120%). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) increased by 124%, and DALYs rate by 102%. Timor-Leste observed the highest APC in ASMR at 329%, followed by China at 147%, while the highest DALYs rate was also in Timor-Leste at 321%, followed by the Solomon Islands at 141%. The highest number of deaths was recorded in the 80–84-year-old age group with 148,592, and DALYs were highest in the 70-74 age group at 2.2 million due to IHD attributable to AP in 2021. Males experienced a higher burden compared to females over the last three decades, with a total percentage change in deaths at 168% vs. 130%, YLDs at 128% vs. 153%, and YLLs at 112% vs. 73%.Conclusion:Urgent action is crucial to combat the escalating burden IHD due to AP in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania. Public stakeholders and policy makers must implement robust strategies to slash particulate matter pollution and protect public health.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4146163-A4146163, November 12, 2024. Introduction:Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) is the primary cause of death and disability among all cardiovascular diseases in India. As global warming escalates, the role of environmental changes, particularly high temperatures, has become a major concern. This study uniquely focuses on high temperatures (HT) as a significant environmental risk factor for IHD, providing the first estimates of its impact over the last three decades in India, including the initial two years of the COVID-19 pandemic.Method:Using the global burden of disease 2021 standardized methodology, we estimated deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLLs) due to IHD attributable to HT in India by age, sex, year and location from 1990-2021. The results were presented in absolute counts and age-standardized rate (per 100,000 person-years).Results:From 1990 to 2021, the total number of deaths due to IHD attributable to HT in India rose from 10,874 (95% uncertainty interval: 2,320-19,061) to 40,245 (13,140-68,121). The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) saw a total percentage change (TPC) of 42% (19%-178%), and the DALYs rate, (ASDALR) increased by 33% (11%-156%) during this period. Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest total number of deaths at 6,202, followed by Gujarat with 4,821. The highest death counts were in the 70-74 age group, totalling 5,704 (1,888-9,578), and the highest DALYs were in the 55-59 age group at 132,936 (42,040-227,650) in 2021. In terms of gender, males exhibited a consistently higher burden over the last three decades, with a TPC in deaths of 56% for males compared to 30% for females, and DALYs of 44% for males compared to 21% for females.Conclusion:In 2021, deaths due to IHD attributable to HT accounted for 2.46% of all CVD-related deaths in India. The rapid urbanization, industrialization, and increasing pollution in India require urgent action from a public health policy perspective. Stakeholders, including government agencies and environmental groups, must collaborate to develop policies that address these issues effectively, aiming to reduce the health impact of environmental risks and enhance cardiovascular health across the nation.

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4138225-A4138225, November 12, 2024. Background:Timely transfer for PCI is paramount in the management of STEMI. This has been shown to reduce myocardial damage, optimize reperfusion therapy and mitigate the post procedural complications associated with PCI. This study’s aim was to describe the in-hospital outcomes associated with acute inter-hospital transfer of patients with STEMI for PCI in comparison with patients directly admitted to a primary PCI center.Methods:The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to identify patients who underwent PCI for STEMI between the years 2016-2021. Based on several transfer indicators, primarily admitted patients and patients with acute inter-hospital transfer were identified. Logistic and linear regression models were used to analyze the primary outcome of in-hospital mortality and secondary outcomes of length of hospital stay, hospital charge, and occurrences of post-procedure complications.Results:Observations were weighted to obtain a national estimate of 748,430 patients with known transfer status who underwent PCI for STEMI. Of these, 625,520 patients were primarily admitted at PCI centers and 122, 910 patients were transferred from non-PCI centers. The mean age of patients with STEMI undergoing PCI was 62 years, and 72 % of the patients were male. There was no significant difference in mortality between patients transferred and patients primarily admitted for PCI due to STEMI. However, patients transferred had longer hospital stay and significantly higher healthcare cost, with a mean difference of 0.72 days (95% CI: 0.65 – 0.81 days, p-value

Circulation, Volume 150, Issue Suppl_1, Page A4140684-A4140684, November 12, 2024. Introduction:The success of cardiac surgical techniques and progress of interventional therapies prolonged the life expectancy patients with congenital heart anomalies (CHA). Reduction of mortality and extension of lifespan exacerbated the burden of non-fatal comorbidities. Developmental intellectual disability (DID) is the most substantial non-fatal comorbidities of pediatric patients with CHA. However, no epidemiological study describe the global burden of DID attributable to CHA (DID-CHA).Research Question:What was the global burden, regional inequality, and age specific discrepancy of DID-CHA?Goal:The aim of this study is to address the gap of lacking epidemiological data of global burden, regional inequality, and age discrepancy of DID-CHA.Methods:This was a secondary analysis study by utilizing impairment data of GBD study 2021. Data was collected from the website of Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME, query tool:https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2021). The prevalence, disability adjusted life years (DALYs), and their calculayted annual percentage changes (EAPC) across global, both sexes, seven regions, five SDI regions, and 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 were investigated.Results:In 2021, the global number of DID-CHA cases was 1.05 million (95% UI: 0.83 to 1.24 million) with an age-standardized prevalence rates of 15.71 per 100,000 (95% UI: 12.36 to 18.58). From 1990 to 2021, the EAPC of prevalence was -0.15 (95% CI: -0.16 to -0.13). Regional inequality of disease burden of DID-CHA remained prevalent worldwide. Pediatric population, especially neonates and infants, had a more substatial disease burden of DID-CHA compared to adults aged over 20 years.Conclusions:This is the first study that thoroughly describe the global prevalence, regional inequality, and age discrepancy of the burden on DID-CHA, by utilizing the public data of GBD 2021. DID-CHD is believed to be a progressive issues for the whole-life management of CHD. Future efforts on resource allocation for neurodevelopmental disability in population with CHD should be comparable with the expenditure in reducing CHD mortality. Persistent regional socioeconomic disparities will definitely move to impact the discrepant burden of DID-CHA. Increasing socioeconomic resources aimed at improving DID-CHA outcomes should prioritize in neonate and infants with CHA, as they represent the most critically affected age groups.

Background
Management of postoperative pain leads to positive patient progress and shortens the duration of hospital stay. There is a lack of information on nurse’s postoperative pain management practice and its associated factors.

Objective
To assess postoperative pain management practice and associated factors among nurses working in public hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia, 2021.

Design
An institutional-based cross-sectional study was employed.

Setting
Study was conducted among eight public hospitals (two tertiary hospitals and six secondary hospitals), which were located in West Shoa Zone in Oromia, Ethiopia.

Participants
Totally 377 participants were selected by using simple random sampling. From this, 277 were men and 100 participants were women. All nurses who were worked in surgical ward, medical wards, minor operation room and major operation room, recovery rooms, emergency, obstetrics and gynaecology wards were included.

Methods
Data were collected by distributing structured self-administered questionnaires that adapted from different literatures and were entered into Epi data V.3.1 and exported to SPSS V.22 for analysis. Variables with significant association in the bivariate analyses were entered into a multivariable regression analysis to identify the independent factors associated with nurses’ postoperative pain management practice. Significant factors were declared at p

This study uses public US Food and Drug Administration lists to identify new drugs approved from 2015 through 2021 to examine recent estimates of compliance with and timing of pediatric testing requirements after passage of the Pediatric Research Equity Act.