Risultati per: Le campagne di screening come strumento di prevenzione oncologica tra dubbi e certezze

Introduction
Approximately 1 in 7 pregnant women in the USA report past-month alcohol use. Strong evidence connects prenatal alcohol exposure with a range of adverse perinatal outcomes, including the spectrum of conditions known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI) has been recommended for pregnant women but has proven difficult to implement. This study will test the efficacy of single-session technology-delivered SBI (electronic SBI) for alcohol use in pregnancy, while simultaneously evaluating the possible additional benefit of tailored text messages and/or booster sessions in a 3×2 factorial trial.

Method and analysis
This full factorial trial will use online advertising and clinic-based flyers to recruit pregnant women meeting criteria for unhealthy alcohol use, and randomly assign them to one of six conditions crossing three levels of brief intervention (none, single 120-minute session and single session plus two 5-minute boosters) with two levels of tailored text messaging (none vs twice weekly messages). The primary analysis will test for dose–response effects of the brief intervention on alcohol abstinence, defined as no self-report of alcohol use in the 90 days prior to 34 weeks’ gestation, and negative results for ethyl glucuronide analysis of fingernail samples. Secondary analyses will examine main and interaction effects of tailored text messaging as well as intervention effects on birth outcomes.

Ethics and dissemination
Ethical approval was provided by the Michigan State University Biomedical and Health Institutional Review Board (STUDY00005298). Results will be presented at conferences and community forums, in addition to being published in a peer-reviewed journal. Intervention content demonstrating sufficient efficacy and safety will be made publicly available.

Trial registration number
ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04332172).

Objective
To determine the test–retest reliability of the Brain Injury Screening Tool (BIST), which was designed to support the initial assessment of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) across a variety of contexts, including primary and secondary care.

Design
Test–retest design over a 2-week period.

Setting
Community based.

Participants
Sixty-eight adults (aged 18–58 years) who had not experienced an mTBI within the last 5 years and completed the BIST on two different occasions.

Measures
Participants were invited to complete the 15-item BIST symptom scale and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) online at two time-points (baseline and 2 weeks later). To account for large variations in mood affecting symptom reporting, change scores on the subscales of the DASS-21 were calculated, and outliers were removed from the analysis.

Results
The BIST total symptom score and subscale scores (physical-emotional, cognitive and vestibular) demonstrated moderate to good test–retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging between 0.51 and 0.83. There were no meaningful differences between symptom reporting on the total scale or subscales of the BIST between time1 and time2 at the p

This cohort study evaluates individual-, neighborhood, and health care–level factors associated with differences in time from abnormal screening to biopsy among racial and ethnic groups.

Objective
We investigated the association between women’s healthcare decision making and cervical cancer screening uptake in sub-Saharan Africa.

Design
Secondary data from the Demographic and Health Surveys of six countries in sub-Saharan Africa were used. We employed multilevel binary logistic regression modelling.

Setting
Sub-Saharan Africa.

Participants
Women aged 15–49 years in Benin (n=5282), Côte d’Ivoire (n=1925), Cameroon (n=7558), Kenya (n=6696), Namibia (n=1990) and Zimbabwe (n=5006).

Primary outcome measures
Cervical cancer screening uptake.

Results
The overall prevalence of cervical cancer screening across the six sub-Saharan African countries was 13.4%. Compared with women whose healthcare decisions were made solely by husbands/partners/someone else, the likelihood of cervical cancer screening uptake was significantly higher among women who took healthcare decisions in consultation with their husbands/partners (aOR=1.38; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.59), but highest among those who made healthcare decisions alone (aOR=1.66; 95% CI 1.44 to 1.91). Women aged between 40 and 45 years (aOR=5.18; 95% CI 3.15 to 8.52), those with higher education (aOR=2.13; 95% CI 1.57 to 2.88), those who had ever heard of cervical cancer (aOR=32.74; 95% CI 20.02 to 53.55), read newspaper or magazine at least once a week (aOR=2.11; 95% CI 1.83 to 2.44), listened to the radio at least once a week (aOR=1.35; 95% CI1.18 to 1.52) and those in households with richest wealth index (aOR=1.55; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.00) had significantly higher odds of screening for cervical cancer compared to their counterparts.

Conclusion
Women who are able to make autonomous healthcare decisions and those who practice shared decision making are more likely to uptake cervical cancer screening. Therefore, policy interventions should focus on empowering women to be able to take autonomous healthcare decisions or shared decision making while targeting subpopulations (ie, multiparous and rural-dwelling women, as well as those in other religious affiliations aside from Christianity) that are less likely to uptake cervical cancer screening. Also, the radio and print media could be leveraged in raising awareness about cervical cancer screening to accelerate cervical cancer screening uptake in sub-Saharan Africa.

Introduction
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most common cause of spinal cord impairment. Unfortunately, the condition remains poorly recognised and underdiagnosed. To better identify patients, screening tests that target individuals at high risk would be helpful. One group in particular known to have a high prevalence of DCM consists of patients with lumbar degenerative disease (LDD), with the combined presentation referred to as tandem stenosis. Given that LDD is one of the most common presentations in neurosurgical practice and primary care, it is the objective of the proposed study to administer a screening test to these patients as well as those with risk factors or symptoms which raise the suspicion of underlying DCM.

Methods and analysis
A screening test based on clinical signs/symptoms and known risk factors of DCM was designed. Screening will be performed in neurosurgical consultations for patients with LDD or those with any suspicion of myelopathy. Points are attributed based on the presence of signs/symptoms of DCM (eg, Hoffmann sign, hyper-reflexia) and for comorbidities that predispose or are frequently associated with cervical myelopathy (eg, rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome). Patients with ≥3 points undergo cervical MRI examination. Patients with positive MRIs will be consulted and receive assessment via modified Japanese Orthopedic Association and Neck Disability Index scores, and subsequent clinical management will be based on practice guidelines. An exploratory multivariate analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of this proposed screening test will be evaluated after positively screening 50 patients for DCM.

Ethics and dissemination
This study has received research ethics approval from the Swiss Association of Research Ethics Committees (ID: 2020-02785). The results of this study will be disseminated in a journal targeting physicians commonly encountering patients with LDD.

Introduction
Current international guidelines recommend ECG monitoring after an ischaemic stroke to detect atrial fibrillation (AF) in order to prevent stroke recurrence. However, optimal strategies to detect AF and the downstream management to prevent stroke recurrence remain to be established. The objective of the study was to explore the use of long-term home-based ECG monitoring for AF detection and stroke prevention in patients with a history of stroke.

Methods and analysis
This prospective, randomised, open-label trial with blinded endpoint adjudication aimed to evaluate the efficacy of long-term home-based ECG monitoring for AF detection and stroke prevention in a 24-month period. Patients aged >18 years with a history of ischaemic stroke will be stratified according to the time from the index ischaemic stroke: 3 years and then randomised in 1:1 to (1) home-based AF screening and (2) control. The home-based AF screening system comprises (1) a handheld single-lead ECG recorder (Comfit Healthcare Devices, Hong Kong SAR, China) and (2) a patient-facing smartphone application specially designed for the study. Patients randomised to the home-based AF group will record a 30 s single-lead ECG using a specially designed handheld ECG device every morning or when symptomatic. All remotely obtained data will be automatically transmitted in real-time through the study smartphone application to a secured cloud hosting and analysed using an artificial intelligence-based diagnostic system. When a diagnosis of AF is made with the system, the patients will be called back for a formal cardiology consultation within 1 week. The primary endpoint is the time to first detection of AF at 24 months of follow-up. Secondary endpoints include recurrent stroke or transient ischaemic attack, initiation of long-term anticoagulation therapy, hospitalisation for heart failure, cardiovascular death and all-cause death.

Ethics and dissemination
The study protocol has been approved by the institutional review board of The University of Hong Kong, and Hong Kong West Cluster, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong SAR, China. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.

Trial registration number
NCT04523649.

Question: A healthy 66-year-old woman underwent screening colonoscopy for positive fecal immunochemical test. She reported intermittent per rectal bleeding for a few years without anemia and had never had a colonoscopy or appendicectomy. She took thyroxine for hypothyroidism and there was no family history of gastrointestinal malignancy. Colonoscopy showed a 2-cm tubular lesion with normal overlying mucosa, arising at the expected appendiceal orifice location (Figure A and B), which was not biopsied due to clinical suspicion of an inverted appendix.

Objective
There are numerous studies reporting a disproportionally high prevalence of thrombophilia in women with a history of recurrent miscarriage (RM), which has led to overdiagnosis and treatment without an improvement in clinical outcomes. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of inherited and acquired thrombophilia in a large cohort of women with a history of early RM using internationally agreed diagnostic criteria and inclusion parameters and compare it to the meta-analysis results of existing literature.

Methods

Design
Retrospective cohort study and systematic review of literature.

Setting
This is a retrospective cohort study set-up in two dedicated tertiary centres for women with RM in Southwest London and Surrey. We reviewed all the available literature related to causes of RMs. We ascertained the prevalence of thrombophilia in the study population and compared it with historical and published prevalence in the general population.

Participants
1155 women between 2012 and 2017. All patients had three or more first trimester miscarriages and a full thrombophilia screen.

Results
The overall prevalence of thrombophilia in our study population is 9.2% (106/1155) with 8.1% (94/1155) of cases positive for inherited thrombophilia, which is similar to the general population; Factor V Leiden (4.9%; 57/1155) and prothrombin gene mutation (2.9%; 34/1155) were the most common inherited thrombophilias, while only 1% (12/1155) tested positive for acquired thrombophilia. Persistent positive lupus anticoagulant (LA) was found in 0.5% (6/1155) and persistent positive anticardiolipin (ACL) antibodies with a value ≥40 U/mL was found in 0.5% (6/1155) of patients. Tests for LA/ACL were performed a minimum of 12 weeks apart thus meeting the revised Sapporo criteria for a diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome.

Conclusion
The findings of our study demonstrate that the prevalence of inherited thrombophilia is similar in women with RM to that in the general population. Similarly, the prevalence of acquired thrombophilia, using the revised Sapporo criteria, in the cohort of RMs is similar to that in the general population. Therefore, we do not recommend investigation or treatment of inherited or acquired thrombophilia in women with RM.

PROSPERO registration number
CRD42020223554.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to explore how university students’ participation in a two-staged health screening at the beginning of university studies associates with student health care utilisation in a 6-year follow-up.

Design
Nationwide, observational, register-based cohort study with a 6-year follow-up.

Setting
Student health care in Finland. Finnish Student Health Service (FSHS) provides statutory student health services to university students in Finland. The two-staged health screening of FSHS includes the electronic health questionnaire (eHQ) provided annually to university entrants and a subsequent health check, when necessary, based on students eHQ response.

Participants
A national cohort of university entrants from the 2011–2012 academic year (N=15 723) was assessed. After exclusions the study population consisted of 12 972 students, n (female)=7368, n (male)=5604.

Outcome measures
The primary outcome measures were students’ health service utilisation pattern obtained by clustering analyses method and the students’ participation in different stages of the health examination process.

Results
Four distinguishable health care utilisation patterns were identified: (1) constant low use, (2) constant high use, (3) increasing use and (4) decreasing use. The students’ OR for belonging to the constant high use group was significantly higher among females (OR 4.0, 95% CI 3.5 to 4.6) and students who attended the health check (OR 4.7, 95% CI 3.9 to 5.6).

Conclusions
Participating in the two-staged health screening was associated with increase in health care utilisation. The process detects students with health problems.

Objectives
Patients with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic and are able to transmit COVID-19 during a surgical procedure, resulting in increased pressure on healthcare and reduced control of COVID-19 spread. There remains uncertainty about the implementation of preoperative screening for COVID-19 in asymptomatic surgical patients. Therefore, this study aims to determine the prevalence of preoperative COVID-19, confirmed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), in asymptomatic patients.

Design
Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources
Pubmed and Embase databases were searched through 20 February 2022.

Eligibility criteria
All COVID-19 articles including preoperative asymptomatic patients were included.

Data extraction and synthesis
Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 with 95% CI. Moreover, estimated positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, false-positives (FP) and false-negatives were calculated for preoperative asymptomatic patients.

Results
Twenty-seven studies containing 27 256 asymptomatic preoperative screened patients were included, of which 431 were positive for COVID-19 by RT-PCR test. In addition, the meta-analysis revealed a pooled COVID-19 prevalence of 0.76% (95% CI 0.36% to 1.59%). The calculated PPV for this prevalence is 40.8%.

Conclusions
The pooled COVID-19 prevalence in asymptomatic patients tested preoperatively was 0.76%, with low corresponding PPV. Consequently, nearly three-quarters of postponed surgical procedures in asymptomatic preoperative patients may be FP. In the event of similar pandemics, modification of preoperative mandatory RT-PCR COVID-19 testing in asymptomatic patients may be considered.

Objectives
Early identification of SARS-CoV-2 infection is important to guide quarantine and reduce transmission. This study evaluates the diagnostic performance of lung ultrasound (LUS), an affordable, consumable-free point-of-care tool, for COVID-19 screening.

Design, setting and participants
This prospective observational cohort included adults presenting with cough and/or dyspnoea at a SARS-CoV-2 screening centre of Lausanne University Hospital between 31 March and 8 May 2020.

Interventions
Investigators recorded standardised LUS images and videos in 10 lung zones per patient. Two blinded independent experts reviewed LUS recording and classified abnormal findings according to prespecified criteria to investigate their predictive value to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection according to PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs (COVID-19 positive vs COVID-19 negative).

Primary and secondary outcome measures
We finally combined LUS and clinical findings to derive a multivariate logistic regression diagnostic score.

Results
Of 134 included patients, 23% (n=30/134) were COVID-19 positive and 77% (n=103/134) were COVID-19 negative; 85%, (n=114/134) cases were previously healthy healthcare workers presenting within 2–5 days of symptom onset (IQR). Abnormal LUS findings were significantly more frequent in COVID-19 positive compared with COVID-19 negative (45% vs 26%, p=0.045) and mostly consisted of focal pathologic B lines. Combining clinical findings in a multivariate logistic regression score had an area under the receiver operating curve of 80.3% to detect COVID-19, and slightly improved to 84.5% with the addition of LUS features.

Conclusions
COVID-19-positive patients are significantly more likely to have lung pathology by LUS. However, LUS has an insufficient sensitivity and is not an appropriate screening tool in outpatients. LUS only adds little value to clinical features alone.

Introduction
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the USA and worldwide, and lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose CT (LDCT) has the potential to improve lung cancer outcomes. A critical question is whether the ratio of potential benefits to harms found in prior LCS trials applies to an older and potentially sicker population. The Personalised Lung Cancer Screening (PLuS) study will help close this knowledge gap by leveraging real-world data to fully characterise LCS recipients. The principal goal of the PLuS study is to characterise the comorbidity burden of individuals undergoing LCS and quantify the benefits and harms of LCS to enable informed decision-making.

Methods and analysis
PLuS is a multicentre observational study designed to assemble an LCS cohort from the electronic health records of ~40 000 individuals undergoing annual LCS with LDCT from 2016 to 2022. Data will be integrated into a unified repository to (1) examine the burden of multimorbidity by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status and age; (2) quantify potential benefits and harms; and (3) use the observational data with validated simulation models in the Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) to provide LCS outcomes in the real-world US population. We will fit a multivariable logistic regression model to estimate the adjusted ORs of comorbidity, functional limitations and impaired pulmonary function adjusted for relevant covariates. We will also estimate the cumulative risk of LCS outcomes using discrete-time survival models. To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine observational data and simulation models to estimate the long-term impact of LCS with LDCT.

Ethics and dissemination
The study was approved by the Kaiser Permanente Southern California Institutional Review Board and VA Portland Health Care System. The results will be disseminated through publications and presentations at national and international conferences. Safety considerations include protection of patient confidentiality.

Objective
Excess weight and related health complications remain under diagnosed and poorly treated in general practice. We aimed to develop and validate a brief screening tool for determining the presence of unknown clinically significant weight-related health complications for potential application in general practice.

Design
We considered 14 self-reported candidate predictors of clinically significant weight-related health complications according to the Edmonton Obesity Staging System (EOSS score of ≥2) and developed models using multivariate logistic regression across training and test data sets. The final model was chosen based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic; and validated using sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value.

Setting and participants
We analysed cross-sectional data from the Australian Health Survey 2011–2013 sample aged between 18 and 65 years (n=7518) with at least overweight and obesity.

Results
An EOSS≥2 classification was present in 78% of the sample. Of 14 candidate risk factors, 6 (family history of diabetes, hypertension, high sugar in blood/urine, high cholesterol and self-reported bodily pain and disability) were automatically included based on definitional or obvious correlational criteria. Three variables were retained in the final multivariate model (age, self-assessed health and history of depression/anxiety). The EOSS-2 Risk Tool (index test) classified 89% of those at ‘extremely high risk’ (≥25 points), 67% of those at ‘very high risk’ (7–24 points) and 42% of those at ‘high risk’ (

Objectives
A very small proportion of children with anxiety problems receive evidence-based treatment. Barriers to access include difficulties with problem identification, concerns about stigma and a lack of clarity about how to access specialist services and their limited availability. A school-based programme that integrates screening to identify those children who are most likely to be experiencing anxiety problems with the offer of intervention has the potential to overcome many of these barriers. This article is a process-based account of how we used codesign to develop a primary school-based screening and intervention programme for child anxiety problems.

Design
Codesign.

Setting
UK primary schools.

Participants
Data were collected from year 4 children (aged 8–9 years), parents, school staff and mental health practitioners.

Results
We report how the developed programme was experienced and perceived by a range of users, including parents, children, school staff and mental health practitioners, as well as how the programme was adapted following user feedback.

Conclusions
We reflect on the mitigation techniques we employed, the lessons learnt from the codesign process and give recommendations that may inform the development and implementation of future school-based screening and intervention programmes.

Objectives
Atrial fibrillation (AF) screening may increase early detection and reduce complications of AF. European, Australian and World Heart Federation guidelines recommend opportunistic screening, despite a current lack of clear evidence supporting a net benefit for systematic screening. Where screening is implemented, the most appropriate approaches are unknown. We explored the views of European stakeholders about opportunities and challenges of implementing four AF screening scenarios.

Design
Telephone-based semi-structured interviews with results reported using Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative research guidelines. Data were thematically analysed using the framework approach.

Setting
AF screening stakeholders in 11 European countries.

Participants
Healthcare professionals and regulators (n=24) potentially involved in AF screening implementation.

Intervention
Four AF screening scenarios: single time point opportunistic, opportunistic prolonged, systematic single time point/prolonged and patient-led screening.

Primary outcome measures
Stakeholder views about the challenges and feasibility of implementing the screening scenarios in the respective national/regional healthcare system.

Results
Three themes developed. (1) Current screening approaches: there are no national AF screening programmes, with most AF detected in symptomatic patients. Patient-led screening exists via personal devices, creating screening inequity. (2) Feasibility of screening: single time point opportunistic screening in primary care using single-lead ECG devices was considered the most feasible. Software algorithms may aid identification of suitable patients and telehealth services have potential to support diagnosis. (3) Implementation requirements: sufficient evidence of benefit is required. National screening processes are required due to different payment mechanisms and health service regulations. Concerns about data security, and inclusivity for those without primary care access or personal devices must be addressed.

Conclusions
There is an overall awareness of AF screening. Opportunistic screening appears the most feasible across Europe. Challenges are health inequalities, identification of best target groups for screening, streamlined processes, the need for evidence of benefit and a tailored approach adapted to national realities.