Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation for degenerative cerebellar ataxia: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction
To date, the medical and rehabilitation needs of people with degenerative cerebellar ataxia (DCA) are not fully met because no curative treatment has yet been established. Movement disorders such as cerebellar ataxia and balance and gait disturbance are common symptoms of DCA. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques, including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial electrical stimulation, have been reported as possible intervention methods to improve cerebellar ataxia. However, evidence of the effects of NIBS on cerebellar ataxia, gait ability, and activity of daily living is insufficient. This study will aim to systematically evaluate the clinical effects of NIBS on patients with DCA.

Methods and analysis
We will conduct a preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. We will include randomised controlled trials to assess the effects of NIBS on patients with DCA. The primary clinical outcome will be cerebellar ataxia, as measured by the Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia and the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale. The secondary outcomes will include gait speed, functional ambulatory capacity and functional independence measure, as well as any other reported outcomes that the reviewer considers important. The following databases will be searched: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL and PEDro. We will assess the strength of the evidence included in the studies and estimate the effects of NIBS.

Ethics and dissemination
Because of the nature of systematic reviews, no ethical issues are anticipated. This systematic review will provide evidence on the effects of NIBS in patients with DCA. The findings of this review are expected to contribute to clinical decision-making towards selecting NIBS techniques for treatment and generating new clinical questions to be addressed.

PROSPERO registration number
CRD42023379192.

Leggi
Giugno 2023

Valve Repair for Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation

Mitral regurgitation is the most frequent valvular heart disease and is projected to affect more than 6 million US residents by 2030, of whom 4 million will be clinically diagnosed. Mitral regurgitation is functional in two-thirds of cases, with structurally normal valve leaflets and regurgitation due to valve deformation caused by atrial or ventricular remodeling. In the remaining third of cases, it is organic, with a structurally abnormal valve causing the regurgitation. In Western countries, most cases of organic mitral regurgitation are of a degenerative cause, stemming from mitral valve prolapse or flail segments. Patients affected by moderate or severe mitral regurgitation are generally diagnosed by echocardiography in their late 60s, most often with no or minimal symptoms. Despite this benign presentation, degenerative mitral regurgitation causes mortality in excess of that expected for age and sex, with severe complications such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, or left ventricular dysfunction. Excess mortality also affects patients without these complications, proportionately to the severity of the regurgitation and to the left atrial enlargement resulting from degenerative mitral regurgitation. Even patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation of moderate severity incur excess mortality with increasing regurgitation volume. Considerable progress has been made in quantifying these markers of outcome and in combining them in clinical scores to quantify the risks and to select patients for treatment. The standard of care is surgical repair, which has better outcomes than valve replacement. When performed early, ie, before occurrence of symptoms or ventricular dysfunction, life expectancy is restored, and outcomes are better than watchful waiting. Hence, degenerative mitral regurgitation is a unique disorder in which timely, appropriate surgical treatment returns most patients to their life-expectancy before the degenerative mitral regurgitation developed. This extraordinary outcome of degenerative mitral regurgitation treatment has led to guidelines recommending early surgery (a class II indication) if surgical repairability is highly probable and projected operative mortality less than 1%.

Leggi
Giugno 2023