Risultati per: Il dolore neuropatico: review

Introduction
Trachoma is an infectious eye disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. WHO recommends community-wide oral azithromycin treatment as part of its trachoma elimination strategy. WHO initially recommended mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin once per year for several years, followed by reassessment. However, some districts have failed to eliminate trachoma even after a decade of annual MDA with azithromycin. As a result, WHO has recently advocated for more frequent antibiotics in districts with persistent trachoma. Although no specific frequency of antibiotic distributions has been recommended, several randomised trials have compared annual with biannual mass azithromycin distributions. This review aims to synthesise the available data to assess the effectiveness of biannual azithromycin MDA relative to annual MDA.

Methods and analysis
PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar will be searched for studies comparing annual and biannual mass azithromycin distributions for trachoma. Community-level data will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form. Authors will be asked to contribute community-level data not available in the manuscript. The main outcome will be C. trachomatis infection among 1–9-year-old children, expressed as a community-level prevalence. A secondary outcome will be the presence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular. The analysis will follow principles of a one-stage individual participant data meta-analysis using complete case mixed-effects regression models with a random effect for study to model community-level prevalence data. Statistical heterogeneity will be assessed with the I 2 statistic.

Ethics and dissemination
The research will use community-aggregated data and is thus exempt from ethical approval. The results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO registration number
CRD42024526120.

Introduction
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among women worldwide, and hypertension is one of the most prevalent and modifiable risk factors. Parity and gravidity, independent of pregnancy complications, have each been associated with hypertension, although results are conflicting. Therefore, we propose to estimate the association between parity and gravidity with hypertension and blood pressure in a systematic review of the literature.

Methods and analysis
A systematic review will be conducted to estimate the association between parity and gravidity and hypertension and blood pressure. Electronic databases (Excerpta Medica Database, Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Plus and Web of Science) will be searched from inception to January 2025. Two investigators will independently screen identified abstracts and select observational cohort studies, case-control studies and randomised controlled trials examining parity or gravidity and hypertension or blood pressure. Extracted data will include study and population characteristics, comorbidities, parity, gravidity, incidence of hypertension and changes in blood pressure, study quality and risk of bias. If there are sufficient data, they will be summarised using random effects meta-analysis to estimate the pooled risk ratio or odds ratio of hypertension. Stratified and subgroup analyses will be used to explore potential sources of heterogeneity.

PROSPERO registration number
CRD42024560535.

Introduction
Preterm infants born before 32 weeks of gestation are generally admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to receive life-saving treatment, resulting in early exposure to stressful events. Yet, NICU admission is not only stressful for the infant but can also have a long-lasting negative impact on parental mental health, who may worry about their child. Parental mental health problems might affect child development through parental behaviour and the parent–infant relationship. Simultaneously, adverse child development after preterm birth can (further) elevate parental stress and mental health problems, straining parental behaviour, the parent–infant relationship and child development. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to examine the association between preterm-born children’s development (

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

Annals of Internal Medicine, Ahead of Print.

This narrative review summarizes current evidence on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of axial spondyloarthritis.

Introduction
Pregnant women and their babies are a highly vulnerable population to health effects from air pollution. This scoping review aims to understand the extent and type of evidence concerning the mediating and moderating factors between air pollution and birth outcomes. By gathering and synthesising this evidence, this review aims to identify key concepts, themes and knowledge gaps. In turn, these findings will serve as a valuable resource for researchers and policymakers by highlighting potential pathways and gaps in evidence.

Methods and analysis
This scoping review protocol is based on the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews and will be reported in full with a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping review (PRISMA-ScR) flow diagram. This review will search eight databases: Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, GreenFILE, CINAHL Ultimate, APA PsycINFO and MIDIRS. Results will be limited to those written or translated into English and peer-reviewed studies with no restriction on publication date. The study selection and data extraction will be completed within the software Covidence by two or more independent reviewers, with conflicts solved by group discussion. The data extracted from this process will include publication details, study characteristics and population characteristics.

Ethics and dissemination
This study will not collect primary data; therefore, no formal ethical approval is required. The findings will be disseminated to academic and non-academic audiences through conferences, publications and focus groups.

Trail registration number
Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/6Y2D9).

Circulation, Ahead of Print. BACKGROUND:Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) appears to be diagnosed twice as often in male than in female patients. This could be attributed to underdiagnosis in female patients or sex differences in susceptibility. Up to 30% of cases have an autosomal dominant monogenic cause, where equal sex prevalence would be expected. The aim of this systematic review, meta-analysis, and population study was to assess the sex ratio in patients with DCM, stratified by genetic status, and evaluate whether this is influenced by diagnostic bias.METHODS:A literature search identified DCM patient cohorts with discernible sex ratios. Exclusion criteria were studies with a small (n

Introduction
Fine motor skill (FMS) development during childhood is essential to many learning processes, especially in school. FMS impairment can have a major impact on children’s quality of life. Developing effective and engaging rehabilitation solutions to train FMS that engage children in the abundant practice required for motor learning can be challenging. Virtual reality (VR) is a promising intervention option offering engaging FMS training tasks and environments that align with evidence-based motor learning principles. Other potential advantages of VR for rehabilitation include accessibility for home-based use and adaptability to individual needs. The objective of this scoping review is to map the extent, range and nature of VR applications focused on FMS training in paediatric rehabilitation, including hardware, software and interventional parameters.

Methods and analysis
We are following methodological guidelines for scoping review conduct and reporting from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Manual for Evidence Synthesis and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews recommendations. We will search four databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Scopus) for articles that meet inclusion criteria defined by the Population, Concept, Context method; specifically studies focused on development or evaluation of immersive or non-immersive VR applications to deliver FMS training in paediatric rehabilitation. Different populations of children with FMS impairments will be included (such as children with cerebral palsy, children with developmental coordination disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). The first search took place in December 2023, and a second is planned for February 2025. One reviewer will complete title, abstract and full paper screening, with consultation by a second reviewer in case of uncertainty. A data extraction framework will be tested by two reviewers on five randomly selected studies to ensure inter-rater reliability, and one reviewer will complete data extraction. Quantitative and qualitative extraction will follow JBI guideline recommendations. Results will be presented in a descriptive and tabular format, including a narrative summary. Results will enhance understanding of the potential of FMS training in VR and inform subsequent directions for research and clinical practice.

Ethics and dissemination
Data for this review will be collected from the published literature. Ethical approval is not required. We will present our findings at scientific conferences and submit this review to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

Introduction
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) negatively impacts women’s health. Preventing and managing PPH is important, and nurse-led interventions are needed. However, no systematic review has evaluated the effectiveness of non-invasive uterine massage for PPH prevention. Therefore, this systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of midwife/nurse-led intervention in managing PPH, serving as the best available evidence to develop further guidelines and recommendations in practice and policy-making.

Methods and analysis
This systematic review will follow the JBI methodology for systematic reviews of effectiveness. The search will be conducted in the MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCO), BENTHUM Science, JBI, Cochrane, ThaiJo and Google Scholar databases. Studies will be included in English and Thai and published between 2015 and 2024. Two independent reviewers will conduct the review, with data extraction and quality evaluation. Studies will be pooled in a statistical meta-analysis using JBI System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information or other software where possible.

Ethics and dissemination
This systematic review does not require formal ethical approval because all data will be analysed anonymously. The results will provide an overall review and evidence of midwife/nurse-led non-invasive uterine massage intervention in preventing PPH. These findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications.

PROSPERO registration number
CRD42024566382

Introduction
Inappropriate antibiotic use in (primary healthcare, PHC) settings fuels antimicrobial resistance (AMR), threatens patient safety and burdens healthcare systems. Patients’ knowledge, attitudes, motivations and expectations play a crucial role in antibiotic use behaviour, especially in low-income and middle-income countries including South Africa. There is a need to ensure measures of antibiotic use, interventions and future guidance reflect cultural, community and demographic issues associated with patient views to reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics and associated AMR. The objective of this scoping review is to identify key themes surrounding knowledge, attitudes, motivations and expectations among patients and community members regarding antimicrobial use in PHC settings especially in low-income and middle-income countries.

Methods and analysis
This scoping review employs a comprehensive search strategy across multiple electronic databases, including OVID, Medline, PubMed and CINHAL, to identify studies addressing patients or community members seeking care at PHC facilities and exploring key drivers of antimicrobial use. The Covidence web-based platform will be used for literature screening and data extraction and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme qualitative checklist will assess the quality of qualitative papers. Anticipated results will provide an overview of the current evidence base, enabling identification of knowledge gaps. A narrative synthesis of findings will summarise key themes and patterns in patients’ knowledge, attitudes, motivations and expectations related to antibiotic use across studies while considering methodological diversity and limitations.

Ethics and dissemination
Ethics approval is not required for this scoping review. The findings of this scoping review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal, presentation at relevant conferences and workshops, and collaboration with policy-makers and healthcare stakeholders.

ICIs are associated with a significant improvement in OS and PFS compared to chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced NSCLC. Nevertheless, some patient characteristics such as aged ≥ 75 years, ECOG score ≥ 2, and PD-L1 < 1% seem to have a negative impact on the efficacy of ICIs, while these findings require further validation in large RCTs.